American History Chapter 21

laws that aimed at separating the races

1. demand for soldiers created a shortage of workers 2. one million African Americans served in the arm forces 3. civil rights organizations campaigned during this time and challenged Jim Crow laws. Roosevelt prohibited discrimination in federal agencies and all companies involved with war work.

declared unconstitutional those state laws mandating segregated seating on interstate buses

struck down segregation in schooling as an unconstitutional violation of the 14th amendments' equal protection clause

second supreme court ruling that ordered school desegregation implemented with all deliberate speed.

nine African-American students who had volunteered to integrate Little Rock's Central High School

a seamstress and an NAACP officer - refused to give her seat up for a white male

Marin Luther King Jr. lead

- nonviolent resistance - soul force - sit-in and boycotts

Southern Christen Leadership Conference - lead to the organizing of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

protesters sate sown at segregated places and refused to move

Bus riders who an organized bus trip across the south to fight bus segregation, their buses were bombed and police attacked with violent

air force veteran, won a federal court case that allowed him to enroll in the the all-white University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) -reaction: riots and violence

- known for segregation and violence - MLK lead protests and arrested - 2 "Chilren Crusades" - the children arrested and attacked by police dogs and high powered water hoses. This stunned the country.

- 250,000 total people, 75,000 whites

- speech given by MLK on the the Lincoln Memorial - after speech more violence: 4 girls killed with a bomb, 2 died due to violence soon after, JKF assassinated

prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin and gender. Gave all citizens the right to enter into any public place

the county in Mississippi were 3 civil rights volunteers disappeared, the KKK were responsible for the murders

segregation by practice and custom - "white flight"

segregation by law

- Islamic minister and follower of the Nation of Islam - preached the whites were the cause of the black condition - advocated armed self-defense - people turned to more violence - "Black Power" and "Black Panthers"

- April 4, 1968 - shot by James Earl Ray - Memphis, TN

- the worst urban rioting

making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have suffered discrimination

- increased African American college enrollment - increased African American pride - colleges offered "Black Studies" - African American appeared on TV and movies more frequently - increased African American voters

WWII

the southern states did little to enforce the ruling

the summer of 1964, volunteers went into Mississippi to help register voters, 3 workers were killed

the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), tried to gain seats in the Mississippi Democratic Party

Selma, Alabama, registered 2000 voters - Jimmy Lee Jackson murdered - MLK organized a march - police violence captured on TV - MLK organized another march - 25,000 people - LBJ passes Voting Rights Act of 1965