American History – Chapter 7 Test Study Guide

- "cotton engine" invented by Eli Whitney - machine that made cotton easier to clean

- the production of goods in large quantities

- social and economic reorganization where machines replaced hand tools and large-scale factory production developed

- conflict between the US and Great Britain caused by the British blockading ports and their support for American Indians resisting westward expansion - led to the restrictions on US trade - ended by a treaty that restored all conquered territories to their owners before outbreak of war

- Pre-Civil War set of measures designed to unify the nation and strengthen its economy - contained plans for protective tariffs, a national bank, and the development of a transportation system

- a tax or duty on imports and exports

- Madison's presidency

- placing the interest of the nation over everything else

- placing the interests of one's own region over the interests of the nation as a whole

- led the United States and Canada to completely demilitarize their common border - United States was ensuring national security by preventing future alteration with Canada

- fixed the U.S. border up to the Rocky Mountains - compromised with GB to jointly occupy the Oregon territory for ten years - US was making westward expansion while ensuring peace with GB (part of nationalism)

- Spain gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory Expansion and Florida to the US because they were too weak to police it

- policy that prevented any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

- a series of agreements passed by Congress to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states

- act in which the federal government funded negotiating treaties to force Native Americans to move west

- The route that the United States government forced several Native American tribes to migrate to reservations west of the Mississippi River - Those who walked the trail suffered greatly from disease and mistreatment.

- John C. Calhoun's name for an 1828 tariff increase that Southerners thought to be profiting the North at their expense

- a document that questioned John C. Calhoun's theory (states had the right to nullify a federal law that it considered unconstitutional) --> nullification theory

- a state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

- political cartoon that portrays Jackson as king - contains scenes of Jackson holding a scepter & the veto with the Constitution ripped

- Inventor of the cotton gin

- House Speaker and a good compromiser - promoted/created the American System

- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court - made many decisions that strengthened the federal government and its control over the economy

- secretary of state - got voted president by Henry Clay because of his belief in the American System

- Was popularized as a war general, became president after Adams - He created the spoils system and removed Native Americans from US territory

- Massachusetts senator who rose in senate and delivered one of the greatest speeches in American history

- Jackson's vice president (From South Carolina) - favored "Liberty first and Union afterwards"

- the court's ruling declared that the federal government (not the states) had the power to regulate interstate trade - strengthened the power of the national gov. by giving it the power to regulate just about everything that crosses state lines

- Chief Justice John Marshall strengthened the federal government's control over the economy - declared the Bank of the United States constitutional and denied Maryland the right to tax the Bank - the court's ruling supported the national gov. over the state gov.

- Court nullified Georgia law that violated an individual's right to enter into contracts

- the court had to rule whether the Cherokee had the right to remain in Georgia - they ruled in favor of the Cherokee nation saying that Georgia could not regulate Cherokee land - they view them as a distinct political community - (Gov't is STRONG) the national government is able to overrule the state gov. and declare that only the federal gov. can deal with the Native Americans because they were neither a foreign nation or a state

- the court declared that the law on which Marbury based his claim was unconstitutional, therefore not giving him his papers - Marshall pointed out, the power of the Supreme Court is set by the Constitution, and Congress does not have the authority to alter them --> (The Judiciary Act attempted to do just that) - this example of Judicial review relates to checks and balances because it prevents judiciary from becoming too powerful

- Nationalism represented Constitution ideals with a strong national government - Sectionalism represented Confederation ideals with a strong state government

- The American System - Monroe Doctrine - Compromise of 1818

- Industrial Revolution - Missouri Compromise - Development of different economic systems in the North and South

- to make US economically self-sufficient - network of infrastructure (transportation) - national bank (resurrection) - to create a protective tariff

- War of 1812 - The government needed money and realized how hard it was to transport military

- South feared that the system benefited the North heavily because they have to buy industrial goods from the North - (North getting wealthier from the South's expenses)

- There were 11 free states and 11 stave states so Missouri was crucial to the balance of the two sides

- Henry Clay designed the Missouri Compact (states divided by 36º, 30º) - Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri was admitted a slave - Louisiana Territory split in half for the two groups - Slavery was banned North of the line and was allowed South of the line

- Jefferson feared the Union's future after the compromise - For a generation, the problem of slavery was temporarily settled

- Under Henry Clay, Congress temporarily solved the crisis with a series of arrangements called the Missouri Compromise

- Jackson disregarded the Judicial Branch and removes Cherokee from their land anyways - "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it"

- Court declared that Georgia government was wrong - Stated they cannot evict Cherokee off their land because they are an "independent political entity"

- Passed an act to exchange lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories for their displacement West of the Mississippi River - This gave the President power to oversee removal and negotiations with NA

- South Carolina argued that they had the right to nullify any federal laws they felt was unconstitutional

- They stated that the states willingly joined the US Union - Said that they "owed obedience to the Constitution and to laws made in conformity with the powers vested in Congress"