Name: Kouros Date: 600 BCE (Archaic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: 6'6
Name: Kouros Date: 600 BCE (Archaic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: 6'6", arms conjoined to thighs Function: Funerary purpose, votive offerings, grave markers Content: Stance is similar to Egyptian canon, rigidly frontal, left foot forward, generic idealistic, nude male Context: Daedalic style
Name: Kroisos Date: 530 BCE (Archaic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: 6' tall Function: Funerary purpose, grave markers, votive offerings Content: Rounded face and cheeks, hair falls naturally, round hips, abs, flesh stayed color of stone while everything else was painted Context: Compared to Kouros: more natural and proportionate
Name: Kroisos Date: 530 BCE (Archaic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: 6' tall Function: Funerary purpose, grave markers, votive offerings Content: Rounded face and cheeks, hair falls naturally, round hips, abs, flesh stayed color of stone while everything else was painted Context: Compared to Kouros: more natural and proportionate
Name: Lady of Auxerre Date: 650 BCE (Archaic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Daedalic Style - mainly decorative, realism Function: Decoration Content: Broad head, hair is in layered wigs, clothes do not have folds, geometric/oriental patterns, used to be painted, hand on chest is not proportional because hands are hard to create Context: N/A
Name: Lady of Auxerre Date: 650 BCE (Archaic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Daedalic Style - mainly decorative, realism Function: Decoration Content: Broad head, hair is in layered wigs, clothes do not have folds, geometric/oriental patterns, used to be painted, hand on chest is not proportional because hands are hard to create Context: N/A
Name: Peplos Kore Date: 530 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece, found in the grounds of the Acropolis Artist: Unknown Form: Full body of woman, 4' tall Function: Votive statue Content: Wearing Peplose - simple, long woolen, belted garments; round, natural face, hair falls naturally Context: Offering to Athena
Name: Peplos Kore Date: 530 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece, found in the grounds of the Acropolis Artist: Unknown Form: Full body of woman, 4' tall Function: Votive statue Content: Wearing Peplose - simple, long woolen, belted garments; round, natural face, hair falls naturally Context: Offering to Athena
Name: Kore Date: 520 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: 1'9.5
Name: Kore Date: 520 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: 1'9.5" Function: Votive offerings Content: Clothes - Chiton and Himation; folds in garments, patterns, lifting chiton off the ground with her left hand, left foot forward Context: Compared to the Peplos Kore
Name: Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice Date: 530 BCE Medium: Black figure amphora Location: Greece Artist: Exekias Form: Krater, linear - one story/one register Function: To hold water or wine Content: Shape of men mimics amphora, subdued emotions, legs in reflective pose, Context: Achilles and Ajax are very concentrated, and in Greek culture, concentration is valued, Achilles rolls 4, Ajax rolls 3 and Achilles wins. This is ironic because Achilles ends up losing the war by dying.
Name: Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice Date: 530 BCE Medium: Black figure amphora Location: Greece Artist: Exekias Form: Krater, linear - one story/one register Function: To hold water or wine Content: Shape of men mimics amphora, subdued emotions, legs in reflective pose, Context: Achilles and Ajax are very concentrated, and in Greek culture, concentration is valued, Achilles rolls 4, Ajax rolls 3 and Achilles wins. This is ironic because Achilles ends up losing the war by dying.
Name: Niobides Krater Date: 450 BCE Medium: Clay, red figure with white highlights Location: Greece Artist: Niobid Painter Form: Krater, severe style, not linear, no ground line, 3D space and depth Function: Unknown (maybe to hold stuff) Content: Two sides: Relaxed and Murder Context: The Relaxed side: Heracles and Athena, Descent into Hades to rescue Theseus. The Murder side: complex, Niobe bragged superiority because she had 14 kids and the goddess Leto only had two (Artemis and Apollo), Niobe guilty of hubris (extreme pride)
Name: Niobides Krater Date: 450 BCE Medium: Clay, red figure with white highlights Location: Greece Artist: Niobid Painter Form: Krater, severe style, not linear, no ground line, 3D space and depth Function: Unknown (maybe to hold stuff) Content: Two sides: Relaxed and Murder Context: The Relaxed side: Heracles and Athena, Descent into Hades to rescue Theseus. The Murder side: complex, Niobe bragged superiority because she had 14 kids and the goddess Leto only had two (Artemis and Apollo), Niobe guilty of hubris (extreme pride)
Name: Kritios Boy Date: 480 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Contrapposto (relaxed stance, shoulders back, hip out) Function: To display a more realistic portrayal of a human body Content: Shift in weight - more weight placed on hips Context:
Name: Kritios Boy Date: 480 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Contrapposto (relaxed stance, shoulders back, hip out) Function: To display a more realistic portrayal of a human body Content: Shift in weight - more weight placed on hips Context:
Name: Doryphorus Date: 480 BCE Medium: marble Location: Greece Artist: Polykleitos Form: 2'10
Name: Doryphorus Date: 480 BCE Medium: marble Location: Greece Artist: Polykleitos Form: 2'10", canon for perfection, symmetry to all body parts Function: To display the ideal male figure Content: Broad shoulders, thick torso, muscular, warrior/athlete, looking away = thinking, dynamic of movement Context: Polykleitos made two statues: one according to his canon (Doryphorus) and another based on the people's wants, Doryphorus looked better and more natural.
Name: Parthenon Date: Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Iktinos and Kallikrates Form: Doric columns outside, Ionic columns in the cella Function: To house a massive statue of Athena Content: X=2Y+1 [17 columns on side (x) and 8 columns on the front (y)]; 2 windows in cella Context: Greeks had just won the Persian War and wanted to show off
Name: Parthenon Date: Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Iktinos and Kallikrates Form: Doric columns outside, Ionic columns in the cella Function: To house a massive statue of Athena Content: X=2Y+1 [17 columns on side (x) and 8 columns on the front (y)]; 2 windows in cella Context: Greeks had just won the Persian War and wanted to show off
Name: Athenos Parthenos Date: 438 BCE Medium: Wood, covered in gold and ivory Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Phidias Form: 38' tall Function: To celebrate and show off the Greek's power Content: The Goddess Athena Context: The Greeks had just won the Persian War
Name: Athenos Parthenos Date: 438 BCE Medium: Wood, covered in gold and ivory Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Phidias Form: 38' tall Function: To celebrate and show off the Greek's power Content: The Goddess Athena Context: The Greeks had just won the Persian War
Name: Helios, Horses, and Dionysus Date: 438 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: East pediment sculpture, triangular shape Function: Content: Birth of Athena from the head of Zeus. Demeter and Persephone are seated and watching Context: Part of Lord Elgin's Marbles
Name: Helios, Horses, and Dionysus Date: 438 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: East pediment sculpture, triangular shape Function: Content: Birth of Athena from the head of Zeus. Demeter and Persephone are seated and watching Context: Part of Lord Elgin's Marbles
Name: Plaque of the Ergastines Date: 438 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Form: Panatheraic Frieze; 3D so that viewers could see it from below; high relief Function: Content: Six Ergastines who were responsible for weaving the peplos Context: Every four years Athenians would hold a procession for Athena where they would place a new peplos on the Athena statue.
Name: Plaque of the Ergastines Date: 438 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Form: Panatheraic Frieze; 3D so that viewers could see it from below; high relief Function: Content: Six Ergastines who were responsible for weaving the peplos Context: Every four years Athenians would hold a procession for Athena where they would place a new peplos on the Athena statue.
Name: Propylaia Date: 437 BCE Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Mnesilkes Form: Doric Exterior, Ionic Interior Function: Entrance to the Acropolis, Athenians walked through it during the Panathenaic Festival Content: Unfinished Context: Unfinished because of the Peloponnesian War
Name: Propylaia Date: 437 BCE Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Mnesilkes Form: Doric Exterior, Ionic Interior Function: Entrance to the Acropolis, Athenians walked through it during the Panathenaic Festival Content: Unfinished Context: Unfinished because of the Peloponnesian War
Name: The Erecthion Date: 410 BCE Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Carytids - female shaped columns, Ionic Temple Function: Tombs and shrines Content: Carytids, Ionic columns, tombs, and shrines Context: Marks the spot where Athena beat Poseidon to become patron of Athens
Name: The Erecthion Date: 410 BCE Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Carytids - female shaped columns, Ionic Temple Function: Tombs and shrines Content: Carytids, Ionic columns, tombs, and shrines Context: Marks the spot where Athena beat Poseidon to become patron of Athens
Name: Temple of Athena Nike Date: 420 BCE Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Ionic style, Amphiprostyle - 4 columns in the front and 4 in the back Function: Content: Context: Celebrates the Victory over the Persians at the Battle of Marathon
Name: Temple of Athena Nike Date: 420 BCE Medium: Marble Location: The Acropolis in Athens, Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Ionic style, Amphiprostyle - 4 columns in the front and 4 in the back Function: Content: Context: Celebrates the Victory over the Persians at the Battle of Marathon
Name: Grave Stele of Hegeso Date: 410 BCE Medium: Painted marble Location: Greece Artist: Kallimachos Form: Relief sculpture Function: To mark a grave Content: Woman examining jewelry from a jewelry box handed to her by a servant, could be a dowry Context: Commemorates the death of Hegeso, the inscription identifies her and her father.
Name: Grave Stele of Hegeso Date: 410 BCE Medium: Painted marble Location: Greece Artist: Kallimachos Form: Relief sculpture Function: To mark a grave Content: Woman examining jewelry from a jewelry box handed to her by a servant, could be a dowry Context: Commemorates the death of Hegeso, the inscription identifies her and her father.
Name: Scraper (Apoxymenos) Date: 330 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Lysippos Form: 6'9
Name: Scraper (Apoxymenos) Date: 330 BCE Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Lysippos Form: 6'9", head 1/8 of body Function: Content: Thin form, small head, elongated body, eyes closely set, far away look on face Context: Scrapers scraped off the oil, sweat, and dirt from athletes
Name: Weary Herakles Date: 320 BCE (Classical) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Lysippos Form: Complete sculpture 360 degrees (freestanding figure) Function: Placed in the Baths of Caracalla in Rome for body inspiration(?) Content: Muscular Herakles, tired, holding an apple behind his back Context: IDK
Name: Weary Herakles Date: 320 BCE (Classical) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Lysippos Form: Complete sculpture 360 degrees (freestanding figure) Function: Placed in the Baths of Caracalla in Rome for body inspiration(?) Content: Muscular Herakles, tired, holding an apple behind his back Context: IDK
Name: Stoa of Attalos II Date: 150 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: IDK Location: The Agora in Athens, Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Tholos - round temple; stoas, covered colonnades, porticos, doric ground level, ionic second floor Function: Commercial, religious, civic and social buildings, part of the marketplace of the Acropolis - the Agora Content: 2 stories, 21 shops Context: For common people
Name: Stoa of Attalos II Date: 150 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: IDK Location: The Agora in Athens, Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Tholos - round temple; stoas, covered colonnades, porticos, doric ground level, ionic second floor Function: Commercial, religious, civic and social buildings, part of the marketplace of the Acropolis - the Agora Content: 2 stories, 21 shops Context: For common people
Name: Alter of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon Date: 175 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Pergamon, Turkey Artist: Unknown Form: Elevated platform, dramatic stairs, 7'6
Name: Alter of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon Date: 175 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Pergamon, Turkey Artist: Unknown Form: Elevated platform, dramatic stairs, 7'6" frieze over 400 ft long wraps around monument, Ionic columns, high relief Function: Altar dedicated to Zeus Content: Gigantomachy Context: Nike crowns Athena, Gaia looks up in honor and pleads for her sons (the giants)
Name: Gaic Chiefton Killing Himself and His Wife Date: Hellenistic Medium: Marble Location: Pergamon, Turkey Artist: Epigonos Form: Function: Content: Look at title Context:
Name: Gaic Chiefton Killing Himself and His Wife Date: Hellenistic Medium: Marble Location: Pergamon, Turkey Artist: Epigonos Form: Function: Content: Look at title Context:
Name: Dying Gual Date: Hellenistic Medium: Marble Location: Artist: Epigonos Form: Function: Content: Context:
Name: Dying Gual Date: Hellenistic Medium: Marble Location: Artist: Epigonos Form: Function: Content: Context:
Name: Nike of Samothrace Date: 190 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Found in situ in Samothrace, Contropposto Function: Meant to stand in/above fountain Content: Wet drapery, invisible wind, goddess Nike Context: Celebrates a naval victory
Name: Nike of Samothrace Date: 190 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Found in situ in Samothrace, Contropposto Function: Meant to stand in/above fountain Content: Wet drapery, invisible wind, goddess Nike Context: Celebrates a naval victory
Name: Aphrodite (Venus de Milo) Date: 150 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Alexandros of Antioch on the Meander Form: Contrapposto Function: Content: Elegant pose, S curve, hands are holding apple and robe Context:
Name: Aphrodite (Venus de Milo) Date: 150 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Alexandros of Antioch on the Meander Form: Contrapposto Function: Content: Elegant pose, S curve, hands are holding apple and robe Context:
Name: Seated Boxer Date: 100 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Bronze Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Emotional, compassionate Function: People would rub its toes for good luck Content: Boxer after a defeat, old man Context: Toes worn away, good luck
Name: Seated Boxer Date: 100 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Bronze Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Emotional, compassionate Function: People would rub its toes for good luck Content: Boxer after a defeat, old man Context: Toes worn away, good luck
Name: Old Market Woman Date: 100 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Function: Content: Old woman carrying baskets from the market Context: Hellenistic art deviated from the usual perfect canon of Classical art, so more veristic art like this was made.
Name: Old Market Woman Date: 100 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Greece Artist: Unknown Form: Function: Content: Old woman carrying baskets from the market Context: Hellenistic art deviated from the usual perfect canon of Classical art, so more veristic art like this was made.
Name: Laocoon and His Sons Date: 100 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Artist: Form: Function: Content: Context:
Name: Laocoon and His Sons Date: 100 BCE (Hellenistic) Medium: Marble Location: Artist: Form: Function: Content: Context:
Name: Tumuli in the Banditaccia Necropolis Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Limestone bedrock Location: Corveteri, Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: 200 acres, in situ Function: Tombs Content: Arranged into streets, orderly necropolis Context: bigger structure = wealthier family
Name: Tumuli in the Banditaccia Necropolis Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Limestone bedrock Location: Corveteri, Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: 200 acres, in situ Function: Tombs Content: Arranged into streets, orderly necropolis Context: bigger structure = wealthier family
Name: Tomb of the Seats and Shields Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Limestone bedrock Location: Cerveteri, Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Function: Tombs for the dead Content: 6 beds, 2 high backed chairs with foot stools, door frames, ceiling beams, windows and other furniture, 14 shields on the wall Context:
Name: Tomb of the Seats and Shields Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Limestone bedrock Location: Cerveteri, Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Function: Tombs for the dead Content: 6 beds, 2 high backed chairs with foot stools, door frames, ceiling beams, windows and other furniture, 14 shields on the wall Context:
Name: Tomb of the Triclinium Date: 480 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: fresco Location: Tarquinia, Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Tomb with frescos on every wall Function: Tomb Content: Banquet of some sort, women, men, trees, shrubbery, checkerboard pattern Context:
Name: Tomb of the Triclinium Date: 480 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: fresco Location: Tarquinia, Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Tomb with frescos on every wall Function: Tomb Content: Banquet of some sort, women, men, trees, shrubbery, checkerboard pattern Context:
Name: Sarcophagus of a Reclining Couple Date: 520 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Terra cotta Location: Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Sarcophagus with sculpture on top, separate pieces joined together Function: To hold the dead Content: Full length portraits of a married couple, Hands holding food - maybe as an offering to the gods, Upper body is detailed, lower body isn't, awkward positioning of bodies Context:
Name: Sarcophagus of a Reclining Couple Date: 520 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Terra cotta Location: Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Sarcophagus with sculpture on top, separate pieces joined together Function: To hold the dead Content: Full length portraits of a married couple, Hands holding food - maybe as an offering to the gods, Upper body is detailed, lower body isn't, awkward positioning of bodies Context:
Name: Temple of Minerva Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: mud brick/ tufa and wood Location: Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Function: Content: Context:
Name: Temple of Minerva Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: mud brick/ tufa and wood Location: Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Function: Content: Context:
Name: Apulu from Veii Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Painted terra-cotta Location: The Temple of Minerva in Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Very large Function: Stood on roof of the temple, meant to be seen from below Content: Apulu (Apollo), movement, Archaic smile Context:
Name: Apulu from Veii Date: 500 BCE (Etruscan) Medium: Painted terra-cotta Location: The Temple of Minerva in Italy Artist: Etruscans Form: Very large Function: Stood on roof of the temple, meant to be seen from below Content: Apulu (Apollo), movement, Archaic smile Context:
Name: Head of Roman Partrician Date: 50 BCE (Republic) Medium: Marble Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Veristic - realistic Function: To display class, wealth, and lineage Content: Roman Patrician Context: Old = wisdom and knowledge
Name: Head of Roman Partrician Date: 50 BCE (Republic) Medium: Marble Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Veristic - realistic Function: To display class, wealth, and lineage Content: Roman Patrician Context: Old = wisdom and knowledge
Name: House of the Vettii Date: 100 BCE - 100CE (Republic & Empire) Medium: Stone and fresco Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Large reception area (atrium), open to the sky (impluvium) cubicula around atrium, axial symmetry - you can see all the way through Function: A home for living Content: Paintings/Murals on walls, Shop in front, house behind it Context: Two merchant brothers owned the house
Name: House of the Vettii Date: 100 BCE - 100CE (Republic & Empire) Medium: Stone and fresco Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Large reception area (atrium), open to the sky (impluvium) cubicula around atrium, axial symmetry - you can see all the way through Function: A home for living Content: Paintings/Murals on walls, Shop in front, house behind it Context: Two merchant brothers owned the house
Name: Augustus of Primaporta Date: 20 BCE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Idealistic, Polykleitos canon, Contrapposto, orator pose, back is uncarved Function: To showcase Augustus' power and divinity for propaganda Content: Augustus standing in orator pose barefoot (because he's walking on holy ground) with Cupid riding a dolphin next to him. Context: Emperors were believed to be divine, which is why Augustus portrayed himself as god like.
Name: Augustus of Primaporta Date: 20 BCE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Idealistic, Polykleitos canon, Contrapposto, orator pose, back is uncarved Function: To showcase Augustus' power and divinity for propaganda Content: Augustus standing in orator pose barefoot (because he's walking on holy ground) with Cupid riding a dolphin next to him. Context: Emperors were believed to be divine, which is why Augustus portrayed himself as god like.
Name: Treasury and Great Temple Date: 100 CE (Empire) Medium: Cut rock Location: Petra, Jordan Artist: Nabataeans - nomadic group Form: Broken pediment, Tholos - treasury, Corinthian columns; Greek, Egyptian, and Assyrian gods on façade. Function: Tombs Content: 500 royal tombs Context: Burial practices are still unknown because no human remains have been found
Name: Treasury and Great Temple Date: 100 CE (Empire) Medium: Cut rock Location: Petra, Jordan Artist: Nabataeans - nomadic group Form: Broken pediment, Tholos - treasury, Corinthian columns; Greek, Egyptian, and Assyrian gods on façade. Function: Tombs Content: 500 royal tombs Context: Burial practices are still unknown because no human remains have been found
Name: Pont du Gard Date: 16 BCE (Empire) Medium: Concrete? Location: Nimes, France Artist: Unknown Form: Two layers of arches, 30 miles long Function: To carry water, Aqueduct Content: Can carry 100 gallons of water/day Context: Water comes from springs and aquifers
Name: Pont du Gard Date: 16 BCE (Empire) Medium: Concrete? Location: Nimes, France Artist: Unknown Form: Two layers of arches, 30 miles long Function: To carry water, Aqueduct Content: Can carry 100 gallons of water/day Context: Water comes from springs and aquifers
Name: The Colosseum Date: 80 BCE (Empire) Medium: Concrete Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown but the Flavian Empire financed it Form: Barrel vaults, groin vaults, arches, façade has engaged columns: 1st level - Tuscan, 2nd level - Ionic, 3rd level - Corinthian. Retractable roof Function: Entertainment Content: 76 entrances and exists, different tiers, could hold 50,000 people, giant arena in middle Context: The different tiers are meant for different social classes
Name: The Colosseum Date: 80 BCE (Empire) Medium: Concrete Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown but the Flavian Empire financed it Form: Barrel vaults, groin vaults, arches, façade has engaged columns: 1st level - Tuscan, 2nd level - Ionic, 3rd level - Corinthian. Retractable roof Function: Entertainment Content: 76 entrances and exists, different tiers, could hold 50,000 people, giant arena in middle Context: The different tiers are meant for different social classes
Name: Ves Pasian Date: 75 BCE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Bust Function: Veristic to show that the emperor is a normal citizen too Content: Flavian Emperor Context: He built the Colosseum
Name: Ves Pasian Date: 75 BCE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Bust Function: Veristic to show that the emperor is a normal citizen too Content: Flavian Emperor Context: He built the Colosseum
Name: Arch of Titus Date: 81 BCE (Empire) Medium: Stone Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: One passageway, Composite capital - both Corinthian and Ionic, Spandrels - Nike Function: Triumphal/Victory arch Content: Two relief sculptures on the inside detailing specific triumphs of Titus, inscription on top of the arch Context: In honor of Titus, who took over the Middle East and had many other military victories.
Name: Arch of Titus Date: 81 BCE (Empire) Medium: Stone Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: One passageway, Composite capital - both Corinthian and Ionic, Spandrels - Nike Function: Triumphal/Victory arch Content: Two relief sculptures on the inside detailing specific triumphs of Titus, inscription on top of the arch Context: In honor of Titus, who took over the Middle East and had many other military victories.
Name: The Spoils of Jerusalem Date: 81 BCE (Empire) Medium: Stone Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Narrative, high relief panels Function: To showcase Titus' power and victories Content: Roman soldiers carrying spoils (a menorah) from the Temple of Jerusalem Context: Titus took over Jerusalem
Name: The Spoils of Jerusalem Date: 81 BCE (Empire) Medium: Stone Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Narrative, high relief panels Function: To showcase Titus' power and victories Content: Roman soldiers carrying spoils (a menorah) from the Temple of Jerusalem Context: Titus took over Jerusalem
Name: Forum of Trajan Date: 112 CE (Empire) Medium: Brick and concrete Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Apollodonus of Damascus Form: Triumphal Arch, stoas on each side of the plaza Function: To showcase Trajan's power Content: Large, central plaza, Equestrian statue in center court Context: Glorified the victory against the Dacians (Romanians)
Name: Forum of Trajan Date: 112 CE (Empire) Medium: Brick and concrete Location: Rome, Italy Artist: Apollodonus of Damascus Form: Triumphal Arch, stoas on each side of the plaza Function: To showcase Trajan's power Content: Large, central plaza, Equestrian statue in center court Context: Glorified the victory against the Dacians (Romanians)
Name: Arch of Trajan Date: 115 CE (Empire) Medium: Stone and concrete Location: Benevento, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Relief panels, top is called the attic Function: Propoganda for Trajan's achievements Content: Trajan's successful military campaigns, Trajan working with the poor, he is displayed as a guarantor of peace and security Context: Divinity of the ruler
Name: Arch of Trajan Date: 115 CE (Empire) Medium: Stone and concrete Location: Benevento, Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Relief panels, top is called the attic Function: Propoganda for Trajan's achievements Content: Trajan's successful military campaigns, Trajan working with the poor, he is displayed as a guarantor of peace and security Context: Divinity of the ruler
Name: Pantheon Date: 120 CE (Empire) Medium: Concrete Location: Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Hemispherical dome with 20 ft diameter oculus, 20 ft thick walls in order to support the roof, convex floor for rainwater drainage, coffered ceiling - sunken decorative panels Function: Temple for Roman gods, then later church for Christians Content: 7 niches for statues of gods Context: Marcus Agrippa funded it
Name: Pantheon Date: 120 CE (Empire) Medium: Concrete Location: Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Hemispherical dome with 20 ft diameter oculus, 20 ft thick walls in order to support the roof, convex floor for rainwater drainage, coffered ceiling - sunken decorative panels Function: Temple for Roman gods, then later church for Christians Content: 7 niches for statues of gods Context: Marcus Agrippa funded it
Name: Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius Date: 175 CE (Empire) Medium: Bronze Location: Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Un proportional - the emperor is much larger than the horse Function: To showcase the power of the Emperor Content: Emperor has majesty and authority, his right arm is in an authoritative gesture, right Context: He's divine because he's emperor
Name: Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius Date: 175 CE (Empire) Medium: Bronze Location: Italy Artist: Unknown Form: Un proportional - the emperor is much larger than the horse Function: To showcase the power of the Emperor Content: Emperor has majesty and authority, his right arm is in an authoritative gesture, right Context: He's divine because he's emperor
Name: Painted Portrait of Septimius Severus and His Family Date: 200 CE (Empire) Medium: Tempera on wood Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Painted family portrait Function: To have a family portrait?? Content: Septimius Severus and his family, Septimius has long, grey hair and a beard, Greta's face is scratched out Context: Septimius Severus was an African general, he left the empire to Greta, his other son Caracalla got mad and had Greta killed and scratched his face out of every family portrait
Name: Painted Portrait of Septimius Severus and His Family Date: 200 CE (Empire) Medium: Tempera on wood Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Painted family portrait Function: To have a family portrait?? Content: Septimius Severus and his family, Septimius has long, grey hair and a beard, Greta's face is scratched out Context: Septimius Severus was an African general, he left the empire to Greta, his other son Caracalla got mad and had Greta killed and scratched his face out of every family portrait
Name: Portrait of Caracalla Date: 215 CE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Veristic, physical likeness as well as a character portrayal Function: IDK Content: Caracalla is scowling: hard nose, suspicious and stern Context: He was a harsh ruler.
Name: Portrait of Caracalla Date: 215 CE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Veristic, physical likeness as well as a character portrayal Function: IDK Content: Caracalla is scowling: hard nose, suspicious and stern Context: He was a harsh ruler.
Name: Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus Date: 250 CE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Rectangular, completely covered in relief, rejection of classical traditions Function: To bury the dead in Content: Chaotic battle scene between Romans and a northern enemy, extremely crowded scene, hard to tell who is who, Fearless commander in center who is assured of victory Context: Rejection of Greek ideals
Name: Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus Date: 250 CE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Rectangular, completely covered in relief, rejection of classical traditions Function: To bury the dead in Content: Chaotic battle scene between Romans and a northern enemy, extremely crowded scene, hard to tell who is who, Fearless commander in center who is assured of victory Context: Rejection of Greek ideals
Name: Arch of Constantine Date: 315 CE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Triple passageway arch, rejection of classical traditions (except what was stolen), mechanical rigidity, stocky figures Function: To show that Constantine was a benevolent ruler Content: Decorations stolen from other monuments Context: Most of the decoration was taken from earlier monuments because Constantine was worried about being assassinated and didn't have time to build it any other way.
Name: Arch of Constantine Date: 315 CE (Empire) Medium: Marble Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Triple passageway arch, rejection of classical traditions (except what was stolen), mechanical rigidity, stocky figures Function: To show that Constantine was a benevolent ruler Content: Decorations stolen from other monuments Context: Most of the decoration was taken from earlier monuments because Constantine was worried about being assassinated and didn't have time to build it any other way.
Name: Constantine Date: 310 CE (Empire) Medium: Wood and bronze Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Huge, 30' sitting down, 8'6
Name: Constantine Date: 310 CE (Empire) Medium: Wood and bronze Location: Roman Empire Artist: Unknown Form: Huge, 30' sitting down, 8'6" head Function: Focal point of Basilica Nova Content: Idealized portrait of Constantine Context: Meant to be an eternal reminder of Constantine in the Basilica Nova
Name: Basilica Nova Date: 310 BCE (Empire) Medium: Marble and stucco Location: Rome Artist: Unknown Form: 300 ft long, 215 ft wide, 20 ft thick concrete walls, outside was stucco with a little bit of marble overlay, columns were marble Function: Constantine conducted his business here Content: Fenestrated groin vaults, giant statue of Constantine as focal point Context: Eventually becomes a floor plan for Christian churches
Name: Basilica Nova Date: 310 BCE (Empire) Medium: Marble and stucco Location: Rome Artist: Unknown Form: 300 ft long, 215 ft wide, 20 ft thick concrete walls, outside was stucco with a little bit of marble overlay, columns were marble Function: Constantine conducted his business here Content: Fenestrated groin vaults, giant statue of Constantine as focal point Context: Eventually becomes a floor plan for Christian churches