AP World Chapter 10

Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia

period in western European history between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance

system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers

lived on sufficient agricultural estates; peasants

curved iron plate, used for a plow, developed 9th century; allowed deeper turning of soil

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow.

Germanic king, converted to christianity in 496 CE

Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.

Frankish monarch, deafeated Turks of Spain in the Battle of Tours 732

King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of leterature and learning

Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany.

group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis

lesser lords, provided protection by greater lords

duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England

Muslim philosopher who blended Aristotle and Plato's views with Islam

(1214 - 1292) English philosopher and scientist who withdrew from medieval scholasticism and focused on experimental science; influenced later thinkers of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution. (studied optics)

The epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land (larger Communities)

Lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity

This powerful religion exerted considerable control over European society during the Middle Ages. It prompted some to challenge its doctrines during the protestant Reformation where it began losing power.

*see Charles Martel* 732, defeated muslims and stopped spread of Islam into Europe

Early Christian church father and philosopher; his writings helped shape Christian doctrine for centuries

Italian monk who as founder of the Benedictine order (c. 529) is considered the patriarch of Western monasticism.

City in east-central France which gave birth to monastic reform in 910. The first abbey began with twelve monks committed to renewing the rule of St. Benedict.

Tried to purify the church and free it from interference by feudal lords

first known writing in early English

The first known writing in early French

long poem in France; vivid sexual imagery; written by Villon, wrote in large secular terms, talked about death

During 15th century, helped Spanish monarchs fuse together with their marraige

Called for by Pope Urban II, 1095, to win back holy land, gave crusaders full forgiveness for their sins

end of 12th century, led to the death of the German emperor and the imprisonment of the English king, brief truce with Saladin that facilitated christian pilgrims' trips to Jerusalem

a Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem

a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

(Roman Catholic Church) an Italian and the Roman Catholic monk who founded the Franciscan order of friars (1181-1226)

the ceremony of installing a new monarch

the head of the Roman Catholic Church

the series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais.

called for the first Crusade in 1095

This document was signed by King John in 1215. It was the first document that limited the power of the government.

bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France

a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries, replaced Romanesque, buttresses

Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.

Peter Abelard's book; issues or Biblical statements with theological resolutions not provided, 158 theological questions

powerful monk who stressed the importance of a mystical union with God and believed reason was dangerous

A french knight pillaged a convent, raped the nuns and burned them alive.

English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)

a style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD characterized by round arches and vaults and by the substitution of piers for columns and profuse ornament and arcades

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408)

organization of cities in northern Germany for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance

a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle

influential scholastic thinker (1225-1274) wrote Summa Theologica, recognized faith and reason as overlapping realms of knowledge

sworn associations of people in the same business or trade in a city stressed security and guaranteed good workmanship

The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.

group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis

duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England in 1066