AP World Chapter 27 Vocab

large family-controlled banking and industrial groups that owned many companies in Japan before World War II

local political councils created as part of Alexander II's reforms; gave the middle class professional experience in government but did not influence national policy

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.

railroad that runs from Moscow to Vladivosto on the East coast and is the longest single rail line in the world

people who oppose organized government

A historical term describing a wave of political terrorism, strikes, peasant unrests, mutinies, both anti-government and undirected, that swept through vast areas of the Russian Empire

Russian national legislature

Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour

Commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa

A conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea

A league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the Congress of Vienna

Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land

Russian minister of finance from 1892-1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged western investors to build factories in russia

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR

Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan

Reforms introduced by the Russian minister Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry

Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate to teach reading, writing, and Confucian rudiments; by the middle of the 19th century resulted in the highest literacy rate outside of the West

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism

(1894-95) War fought between China and Japan. After Korea was opened to Japanese trade in 1876, it rapidly became an arena for rivalry between the expanding Japanese state and neighbouring China

Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I

intellectuals; members of the educated elite

Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI

Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it