AP World History Ch. 26 Terms

Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807

Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents

Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876

Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908

Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Harmid; also called Young Turks; desired to restore in 1876 the constitution

(1790- 1820) Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egyptand revealed vulnerability of Muslim core

Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849)

Descendents of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952

Built accross Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investments

Muslim thinker at the end of the19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry

Disciple of Al Afghani; Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry

Student of Muhammad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against Turkish influence in Egyptian army; forced Khedive to call on British army for support

River town that was administrative center of Egyptian aythority in Sudan

Also know as mahdi; head of a sudanic sufi brotherhood; claimed descendent from prophet muhammad; proclaimed both egyptians and british as infidels; launched revolt to purge islam of impurities; took khartoum in 1883

In Sufi belief system, a promise deliverer; also a name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan

Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defated by British General Kitchener in 1598

Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing

Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in the early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emporer and established Qing dynasty

Machu dynasty that seized control of China in mid- 17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Veitnam and Burma to the south

Confucian scholar and Manch emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus

Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on Chian's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world

Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in Opium; resulted in responding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade

broke out in south china in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-christianized prophet; sought to overthrow qing dynasty and confucian basis of scholare entry

Leader of the Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachers of Chinese elite

Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders

Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from china; failed because of intervention of armies of western powers in china; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials

Head of Revolutionary Alliance organzation that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasy in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomingdang) in 1919; died in 1925

Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while stilla small boy in 1912