AP World History ch. 26

Ottoman infantry division, forcibly conscripted as young boys, bacame military slaves, used military strength to influence politics, inhibited Ottoman reform

Ottoman landowners/ gov't officials

area of Greece, lost by Ottomans

tried to reform administration, military (janissaries), and beauacracy; failed and killed

built secret army with western technology, murdered janissaries allowing western reforms to take place

Orthodox religious scholars, suspicious of non-Islamic thoughts and ideas

included education based on western math and science, postal service, telegraphs, railroads, constitution (improved position of religious minority groups), treaty with the British that improved trade by removed taxes

conservative, got rid of constitution and returned to absolutism

liberal, helped spread liberal ideas, overthrew sultan

slaves who served in the military, defeated by French

shared power in Egypt, defeated by Napoleon, led Mamluks

took over Egypt after French invasion, based military on western technology (conscription, navy), improved economy (public works, increased production of cotton, hemp, indigo)

succeeded Ali

Islamic holy war, scholars wanted strict only Muslim behavior

thinker who believed in borrowing western ideas and rational inquiry

fought in Sudan against British and Egyptians, "mahdi" = "promised deliverer"

succeeded Achmad, set up strong centralized state in Sudan w/ no drinking, dancing, or foreigners

group of tribes from Manchuria (NE China) who defeated Ming Dynasty

united nomads and led attack on Ming, adopted Chinese ways

dynasty led by Manchus, succeeded Ming

merchants who specialized in import/ export trade

Britain wanted open trade in China and defeated Chinese

tried to halt opium trade (destroyed opium on docks => Chinese refused to pay, war broke out)

ended Opium War, British got extraterritoriality (tried in their own courts in China), Hong Kong & China became spheres of European influence

offered change such as land redistribution, liberties for women, and universal education and healthcare and attacked the scholar-gentry

AKA Tongsi Restoration, gov't response to Taiping Rebellion, railroads, factories, modernized army

led by students and military officials against foreigners and Qing gov't

refused to reform China, died and left 5 year old Puyi on the throne

formed Chinese republic