AP World History Chapter 19 Study Guide

grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors & settlers in Mesoamerica & South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies

royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 10 in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates

Dominican friar; a conquistador turned priest; initiated the struggle for justice of American Indians

led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan

led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535. by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish

leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now US in search of mythical cities of gold

the holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor; responsible for their integration into the church

signed in 1494 between Castile & Portugal; clarified spheres of influence & rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil & all newly-discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain

location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosi

merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America & handled much of the silver received in return

university-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative & administrative functions

backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century

resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by treat of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English & French

American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle

Spanish minister of the west Indies & chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government

1st area of Spanish exploration & settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here

Spanish board of trade operated out of Seville; regulated commerce with New World; supplied colonial provisions

Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763

capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan

Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile & established city of Santiago in 1541

mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80% of all Peruvian silver

rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth & power for local aristocracy

whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies; ranked just beneath peninsulares

large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bulleon

body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies

region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush

people living in New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain

prime minister of Portugal from 1755-1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy

Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru;supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution

1st island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on 2nd voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World

strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony

one of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Columbia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels

Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs

labor extracted for lands assigned to the state & the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control

Treaty of Tordesillas

Cabral lands in Brazil

Pizarro conquers Cuzco

gold discovered in Brazil

Bourbons recognized as rulers in Spain

Comunero, Tupac Amaru Revolts

Heavily urban, peasants living in small towns & villages; emphasis on nobles, European commoners became the new nobilitiy; patriarchal family & slave holding traditions

The Portuguese experience in Africa & their involvement in slave trading was extended to the Americas

Caribbean

an island in which Columbus established a 2nd colony on his return trip to the New World in 1493

Caribbean cities suffered from hurricanes; were laid out according to a grid plan, with town hall, major church, governor's palace in central plaza; & there was resistance from natives

grants of Indians to individual Spaniards

Indians supplying agricultural labor for the Spanish & Caribbean

Bartolome de las Casas: Dominican friar; a conquistador turned priest; initiated the struggle for justice of American Indians Hernan Cortes: led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan

Hoping to improve selves; serve God by conquering heathen; soldiers, gentlemen, some women; saw selves as new nobility

They possessed horses, firearms, & steel weaponry

epidemic disease

it rapidly increased

the traditional Indian nobility, supported by Spanish authority, as middle men between the tax & labor demands of the new rulers

Spanish crown didn't want a new nobility to rise in the New World & decline of Native American population made it less attractive

name of the forced labor system that the Spanish government replaced the encomienda with

Economy depended on agriculture & mining

greatest silver mine in Spanish America; located in upper Peru

added in silver production; used to extract silver

due to the use of almagation

agriculture dominated Spain's economy

the merchant guild in Seville had virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America & handled much of the silver received in return until the 18th century

large heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion

the arrival of American treasure contributed to a sharp rise in prices & a general inflation

treaty that divided the world into a Castile sphere of influence & a Portuguese sphere of influence

letrados; university-trained lawyers from Spain

Recopilacion: law code that became the basis of law in the Indies around 1681 Audiencias: name of superior courts that controlled the 10 judicial divisions of each New Spanish & Portuguese viceroyalty

churches & monasteries. religious books: history, poetry, philosophy, law, & language; universities, broke churches, missions in outlying areas

Brazil

led the 1st landfall in the colony of Brazil that took place in 1500

took up 50% of Brazil's population

Caribbean colonies

Spanish: remained mainly American, except for Philippines Portuguese: included colonies & outposts all around the world (Asia, Africa, & Brazil)

competition with Dutch, England, & French

Orinoco: river in South America Rio de Janeiro: port associated with the discovery of gold in Brazil & subsequently became capital of the colony

didn't establish an internal industry, became economically dependent on England

racial origins

reforms led by the Spanish Bourbons that recast the colonial administration of the Americas in the 18th century

Jose de Galvez: Spanish minister of the west Indies & chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government Marquis of Pombal: prime minister of Portugal from 1755-1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy

Brazil remained as profoundly based on slavery in the late 18th century as it had ever been

rapid growth in population & produce capacity

leader of the Indian Revolution in Peru in 1781

sharp social & ethnic divisions within the colonies acted as a barrier to cooperation for common goals & tended to undercut revolutionary movements