AP World History Chapter 4 Vocab

City-state form of government used in Greece 800-400BCE

Late 5th cBCE Athenian philosopher; Urged rational reflection of moral decisions; Condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young

Socrates' greatest pupil; Suggested humans could approach understanding of perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty that he thought underlay nature

384 - 322 BCE, Greek philosopher; Alexander the Great's teacher; Knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world

494-406 BCE, Greek writer of tragedy Oedipus Rex

Homer's Greek epic poems that defined god and human nature that shaped Greek myths

Hellenistic mathematician who developed many basic geometric theories which are still used today

Hellenistic physician/writer who wrote many medical treaties that formed the basis for modern political practices

Hellenistic mathematician who wrote what was the world's most widely used geometry compendium for a long time

Hellenistic astronomer who produced an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around the Earth

One of the greatest ancient Greek poets; Her poetry developed the complexities of inner workings of humans and love

490 BCE, Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army led by the general Militades

486-465 BCE, Persian king who invaded Greece in retribution for earlier Persian defeats; Forces defeated by the Greeks in the battles of Salamis and Platea

Athenian leader who advocated for Athenian navy during the Persian Wars, which led to defeat of large Persian fleet at battle of Salamis by the Athenian army

480 BCE, Spartan King Leonidas and his army of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians refused to surrender to the numerically superior Persian army at the Pass of Thermopylae; Annihilated, but allowed other Greek armies to prepare for Persian Invasion

Athenian political leader during 5th century BCE; Guided development of Athenian Empire; Died during early Peloponnesian War

431-404 BCE wars between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; Spartan victory, but no political unification of Greece

By 550BCE, established huge Persian Empire

Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; Stressed importance of moral choice; Righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; Chief religion of Persian Empire

Ruled from 359-336 BCE; Founder of centralized kingdom; Later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority

Philip II's successor; Successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to death in 323 BCE; Tried to combine Greek and Persian culture

Culture associated with spread of Greek influence because of Macedonian conquests; Seen as combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms

Founded and named for Alexander the Great; Site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; Center of literary studies

Roman general, conquered Gaul; Brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; Assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators

284-305CE, Roman emperor who improved admin and tax collection

312-337CE Roman emperor; Established second capital at Constantinople; Tried to use Christianity to unite empire

Conservative Roman senator, Stoic philosopher; Killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar

510-47 BCE, Rome had aristocratic Senate, magistrate panel, and popular assemblies

Assembly of Roman aristocrats; Advised on policy within the republic; Early element of Roman constitution

2 chief executives or magistrates of Roman Republic; Elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy

450 BCE, Roman law code developed in response to democracy of Roman republic

Originally Phoenician colony in northern Africa; Became major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; Won by Rome after 3 Punic Wars

Fought between Rome and Carthage to dominate western Mediterranean; Rome won after 3 separate conflicts

Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; Successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; Finally defeated at Battle of Zama

Name given to Octavian after his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; First Roman emperor

One of greatest Roman poets during "Golden Age" of Latin literature; Author of the Aeneid

Pan-Hellenic ritual observed by all Greek city-states; Involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations

Gov't based on rule of absolute ruler

Form of government where the rich rule over everyone

People participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders rather than electing representatives

Hellenistic group of philosophers; Emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of body and personal bravery

Greek historian called the "Father of History" who wrote Persian Wars account in "Histories"