AP World History Chapter 9: Hinduism

contrary to everyday experience; can neither be proved or disproved

God that intervened at the battle of Kurukshetra

The Buddha

Buddha founded the 4 noble truths and the eightfold path under the tree here in northern india

can't study miracles

calendars and holidays specific to a religion

sacred geography where miraculous things happen

religious texts and languages

creative religious efforts and art to express and enhance the message

respect and admiration or worship of ancestors

began before recorded time

emerged through the weaving together of many diverse, ancient religious traditions of India

evolved from the experience of indian people

based in Sanskrit

may have contributed many of Hinduism'a principal gods and goddesses

people living in India before the arrival of the Aryans; 10% of the indian population

modern transportation has increased this throughout India

at far corners of India; Somnath, Haridwar, Rishikesh, Puri, Kanya Kumari

travel to all of the important shrines would provide a pilgrim with this; view of the entire geography of india

helped to unify both Hinduism and India

living, changing of beliefs and practices; great flexibility and variety of beliefs exist

collection of 1028 verses of Sanskrit poetry composed by Brahmin priests of the Aryan people

god of various kinds of fire

phallic god of rain and fertility

god of the sun

sovereign of the world who assures that the cosmic law is maintained

takes the form of animal sacrifice offered on sacred alters

speculates on the creation of the world, but doesn't pretend to know the true answers

primeval sacrifice of a mythical creature, Purusha

Purusha's mouth became known as this caste

Purushna's two arms became known as

Purushna's two thighs became known as

Purushna's two feet became known as

believed to be hereditary

means of ordering the multitude of the various immigrants; result of a frozen ecosystem; assurance that you won't fall lower

tens of thousands of localized castes

arranged locally; no national force to make rules for them

people outside of the caste system because of the polluting work they perform such as handling dead things

set rules for Brahmins such as sacrifice and worship and include discussions of origins of rituals and myths of the immortal gods

devoted primarily to mystical speculation and proclaim the oneness of the individual and the universe

universal spirit

spirit of the individual

ultimately the same substance

each Atman will eventually be joined with Brahman through the process of this

reincarnation

set of religious and ethical duties each creature must follow; differ according to ritual staus

set of activities of each creature and the effects these activities have on its Atman

release from the travails of life on earth and ultimate union with Brahmin

first stage of life; youthful time of studies and celibacy

second stage of life; householder stage for raising a family

third stage of life; forest wandering literally, reflection outside of the demands of everyday life

last stage of life; for meditating and preparing for death and moksha

teacher

student

codification of the norms for each caste; attempted to institutionalize priests and elaborate core Hindu beliefs; spelled out appropriate relationships between castes, men, and women

central story revolves around a civil between two branches of the same family, the Bharatas

presents moral conflicts, the dilemma of taking sides, and the necessity of acting decisively

song of god; philosophical discourse on the duties and the meaning of life and death

has to decide if he will fight and kill his cousins or not fight and die

chariot driver that gives Kurukshetra advice; blue- black skin

mystical devotion to god

surpasses her husband, Rama's, powers and defends his honor when he fails to defend hers

the wife of 5 noble brothers whom she protects, defends, and inspires in their struggles

female force

collection of ancient stories the gods appear in; in these goddesses are often the consorts of gods

caves here in western India were fashioned into great temples

bas reliefs and artwork in temples here dazzle viewers even to today

represents passion for and union with god; entered into forms of worship

sought validation of their power and rule through the prestige of brahmin priests and often patronized temples

when new conquered areas would be persuaded into practicing Hinduism by having their local gods continue to be worshipped and the addition of the already existing Hindu gods

Hinduism spread throughout Southeast Asia through these

had accepted many elements of indian culture, religion, and political practice