AP World History Unit 5

England vs. France England wins India and midwest territories in the US Both countries raised taxes

liberal movement that applied Scientific Revolution to everyday life; most philosophers were French

most influential to Revolutions/Declarations; believed people are born good, have natural rights, limited government, citizens have duty to overthrow bad governments

believed in minimum government control, collective good, hated oppression, valued the majority

not as liberal; wrote Leviathan; believed in social order because people were born bad

believed in division of government powers

inspired 1st Amendment: freedom of religion, speech, and press; was against monarchy, brought ideas from China

Catherine the Great of Russia & Frederick of Prussia; patronized the Enlightenment

believed in earning opportunity through merit not heredity

conflict with Natives over fur trade / taxation without representation / Proclamation of 1763 & Quebec Act 1774

Stamp Act: on everyday products Townshend Act: on goods from Europe used in small businesses Tea tax: East Indian Company had monopoly on Indian tea

at front of protests against British

colonial propaganda against the British; 5 civilians killed by British soldiers

written by Thomas Paine to spur revolution among colonists

punishment for NE colonies after Boston Tea Party. 1- Boston harbor shut down/regulated by British 2- Marshall law (British military runs government)

1775; formed army with General Washington; tried to implement colonial currency

supported by slaves & Amerindians

France (navy, training, resources) Spain & Netherlands (weapons)

1778, Washington defeats Cornwallis

officially ended the American Revolution, Britain recognized US as independent

aimed at keeping national government weak, short term president, no taxes; accomplished nothing

formed new and improved US Constitution: taxes, majority vote, centralized

First Estate: clergy Second Estate: nobles Third Estate: peasants, merchants, artisans, bourgeoisie 98% of population

collectively unifies Third Estate, wrote up Declaration of Rights of Man, was called for arrest

Austria and Prussia threatened to interfere in French Revolution, National Assembly declared war on them in 1971

July 14, 1789: beginning of French Revolution

"humane" execution method, symbol of violent French revolution

1793-1794: Robespierre's ruthless, bloody, dictatorial rule of the French Revolution

radical liberal group (Jacobins & Girondists & more extreme Mountain faction), hated the Church

leader of National Convention Mountain faction; executed anyone who supported monarchy, eventually arrested and executed

5 man group elected after The Terror; got nothing done

popular authoritarianism; limited Church; liberal reforms; forced French culture upon conquered people; repressed women & freedoms of speech/press

free colored people in Haiti who led Haitian Revolution

sugar production = brutal slavery & wealth

led Haitian Revolution, was imprisoned in France

1794 -1804

1776 - 1783

1789 - 1792

Napoleon's enemies (Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria) meet up to reestablish monarchy and conservatism, results in Holy Alliance that represses liberalism/nationalism in Spain & Italy

from Ottomans in 1830s

US declares war on England after they kidnap American shipmen as impressment to blockade France; US is forced to industralize, ends up winning

50% tax on corn in Britain, gets people to vote indirectly

all across continental Europe, including second French Revolution (monarchy overthrown forever)

England, Wales, France, Belgium, Germanic states

mass production (division of labor), mechanization, iron manufacturing, steam engine, electric telegraph

led by Lovett and O'Connor; appealed to miners/industrial workers; left a legacy but was rejected

driving force of Egyptian industrialization, built up Egyptian economy/military, ordered peasants to grow cotton

They were more advanced and had lots of resources.

1- population growth 2- agricultural revolution 3- trade/inventiveness 4- england

mass production (pottery), mechanization (cotton industry), iron industry (cheap), steam engine (most revolutionary invention, allowed deeper travel), railroads (triggered coal industry)

1810-1825; started by creole elites who feared lower classes taking control; inspired by Napoleon and Enlightenment

economic system supported by Adam Smith (father of economics) where the government has no intervention in the economy and it is self regulated by the people

utopian socialists; Robert Owen

led Venezuela's independence, inspired others, was a smart, military elite, led by force/charisma to gain mulattoes/slaves/natives as allies, promised them gains but lied

led Southern Liberation Forces

formed in 1824; confederation of newly independent Latin American states

1810-1823; was Spain's richest colony; priests Hidalgo & Morelos led violent rebellions and were crushed by loyalists; second rebellion by Agustin de Iturbide won independence in 1821

King John VI ruled in Brazil until 1821; Pedro stayed in Brazil and declared himself king with an independent constitutional monarchy, his liberal policies made him unpopular, he abdicated in favor of his son who reigned till 1889

had no experience with constitutionalism unlike US and Canada; had bad influences from Napoleon

aka Populist leader. sought to represent the people and undermine the constitutional order and move toward dictatorship

1860-1865; example of regionalism in the US

mostly successful; Spanish American War 1898, US gained Cuba, PR, DR, Guam, Philippines); US annexes Texas; French invasion of Mexico

1865- 13th Amendment

1888

1886

1873

1861

as slave trade ends, immigration from Europe and Asia to the Americas increased

second half of 19th century, women's rights progressed slowly, Western countries; only upperclass women were politically active

nonindustrialized nation depends on industrialized nation economically, is only politically independent

intimidation is used to influence another country's decisions

native leader appointed, dominant government has influence, indirect rule

colonizing directly, often violently

India (cotton, tea, spices, gold, rice, etc)

independent de facto rulers of regions of India after Mughal Empire fell

from the British East India Company; est. trading posts and hired sepoys for protection; pushed out French and forced the Mughal to recognize them as "Bombay Presidency"

Indian soldiers hired by English men

the British Company's rule of India; administrative/social reform placed less emphasis on caste, aculturation, Christianity; supported Indian customs through superficial parades

the English created a government that relied on sepoy military that disarmed Indian warriors, protected Christian missionaries.English's private lands, endorsed "traditional" rituals

benefited from British political and economic influence while poor was oppressed

collapsed due to competition with British industrialization

Sepoys revolt against British; was a severe shock to British; British government now assumes control of India

animal fat greased bullet casings were against religion; forced to travel to places outside caste restrictions; sati abolished and divorce allowed

London in control; Indian princes kept in luxury to appease people; Durbar (fake ceremonies of Indian culture)

for bureaucrats (Indian & British), only British had highest status

British empire's money led to agricultural commodities, irrigation systems, railroads, and telegraphs, but DOES NOT INDUSTRIALIZE INDIA AS A WHOLE, only does this to benefit themselves. spread of cholera also leads to new sewage systems

embracing Indian pride and some British culture

Western secular values to replace caste, reforms traditional abuses of women to remove sati, Western nationalism that transcends religious differences

national/Hindu unity, service to community/education, mostly members of high castes, overall gained no widespread Indian support

valuable because of strategic importance as supply station and resources en route to India

people of white descent in South Africa (French/Dutch)

1836 and 1839 to find new colonies on fertile high veld that had been depopulated by Zulu Wars

Singapore, Assam & Burma annexed in 1820s

trade, not territory

first sighted by Portuguese in 17th cent., colonized by English; Aborigines and Maori died off mostly; was a penal colony

found in 1851, rush of migrants

Indian, Chinese, African, Japanese migrated to British colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii; working in sugar production

lower quality lives than British emigrants

gave Zulu new national identity

slavery still existed, purified Islam & jihad; largest states in Hausa (Sokoto Caliphate); more learning centers; less rights for women as slaves take their jobs

raised military by requiring peasants to grow cotton for exports

focused on westernization in Syria, railroads in Cairo, borrowed $$$ from France, when the market for cotton collapsed after Civil War, France and England occupy Egypt

reconquered land in late 19th century, purchased modern weapons and began to manufacture weapons locally, resisted imperialism

missionaries who traced rivers in Africa

British started prohibiting people from slave trade using navy blockades

Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. (gold and palm oil sold by Jaga)

formed an empire using money gained from selling ivory with high western demand

formed from dependency on European weapons

used popular outrage (loss of Greece) to reform/rally, formed new army with no jannisaries and less religious elites (TANZIMAT REFORMS)

Ottoman reform; French/German training, general education, foreign instructors, language, urban wealth, clothing, equal taxation, equal access to courts for males, women lose inheritance

Russia's SW expansion bothers France & England so they fight with Ottoman allies and beat Russia

warfare tech, Russia discredited, Turk-French unity, percussion caps/breech rifles machine guns, railways, Trench warfare Ottoman changes: continued European model is very expensive = fiscal problems, loans, trade deficit, inflation

law that would permit all men to vote left Muslims worried that Ottoman Empire was no longer a Muslim society, contributed to hositlities against Christians and genocide against Armenians

liberals who wanted westernized politics, constitutionalism, national Turkish state; 1826 granted a constitution but a coup placed a more conservative ruler in place and Ottoman was further weakened

to help or destroy the Ottoman Empire

had slow development because of isolation

trip taken by Peter the Great to explore Europe and bring back knowledge and reform Russia

developed relations with Europe while Ottoman eventually succumbs during 1850-1900

restored peace and promoted expansion of agricultural economy

under Qing, wanted Buddhism and Ming ways back

Qin didn't take British opium trade seriously, banned opium in 1839, Lin Zenxu went to Canton to deal with British, ends w/ Treaty of Nanking which allowed British free trade and extraterritoriality

pacified poorer Chinese but fell to Chinese/British/French alliance, resulted in 20 mil deaths, depopulation, 14 years of destruction, Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, resurgence of the Plague, and decentralized China

reform modeled after USA after Qing, aristocrats contributed as well as France/England; large zones with governors, in general it failed

submarines, electric telegraphs, dynamite, plastics, steels, electricity = world trade increased

value of exports from tropical countries remained high

rose worldwide due to diverse diets, medicine, hospitals, etc; people also emigrated to US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina

pop and size grew tremendously

middle-class ideal where home life was separated from the workplace and womens roles were separate from mens

increased cleanliness, politeness, raise children, frowned on careers, etc

domestic servants, textile factories, mothers; long hours, hard labor, sexual abuse, etc

wrote Communist Manifesto, despised capitalism wanted to ranslate his intellect into political action

formed by industrial workers to defend their interests in negotiations with employers (were accused of being communists)

hard to unify because of multiethnic bonds and borders

usually the crucial element of creating national unity

popular leaders with influence favored unification, Pope and Austria opposed it as Austria lost land; added Venetia and Papal states to territory

wars led by Prussia divided German speakers among Prussia, West Austria, etc. Franco-Prussian War

nationalism used to justify imposition of dominant religion, language, or customs on a minority pop...Social Darwinism

formed loose coalition with Austria, Hungary, and Russia (Triple Alliance) which formed a strong sense of national unity

Wilhelm II, keiser of Germany, emphasis on colonization

second best army to Germany; universal education; divided between Catholics and republicans; strong nationhood; popular participation in politics

stable government, disparity in wealth, expensive empire, Irish resentment, splendid isolation

nationalism weakened slavs and dominated Balkan

czar Alexander II ended serfdom in 1861

1904-05; fought over China, Japan won, formation of Dama in Russia

westernization was difficult

American Commodore sent by President Pierce to Japan with fleet of steam worships to demand Japan open trade in 1853

1868-1894; military reform, industrialization, science, engineering; was easy because Japan had a history of adaptation; raised money through taxes and selling government land

authoritarian constitutional monarchy; sphere of influence in Korea/Manchuria/China

territorial conquest for reorganized new world economy/food/resources; Europeans and Americans

in Africa, indirect in Latin America

political: national prestige/colonial agents cultural: missionary work, adventure, competition, nationalism economic: industrialization, demand for goods, entreprenuers

built new imperialism because they had steamships, Suez Canal, submarine cables, Quinine, machine guns, etc

indigenous elite used as leaders, youth were trained for modern jobs in colonies

carried out expensive modernization in Egypt

first to colonize Africa; wanted rubber from Congo; were violent

imperial countries met to split up Africa

had gold, diamond, crops, ports; English settlers defeated Zi;i amd Xhosa

used British South African Company to take over land in Central Africa = Rhodesia

South African War, between English and Afrikaners; through Armistice treaty all joined collectively and formed the Union of South Africa in 1910

by Afrikaners and Union until mid 90s

modernized Ethiopia and resisted Italy in 1896

resisted imperialism

Philippines annexed in 1898; also gained Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico)

listed Latin America off limits to anyone but USA

east to west travel, exploited Panama, took advantage of government

regards Ali as successor to Mohammed

accepts caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad

flourishing and prosperous, new capital in Baghdad, Persian influence; golden age of Islam, unity was short lived, fractured into sultanates, overthrown by Mongols

illegitimate usurpers, lots of discontent, luxurious living and impiety; overthrown by Abbasid

journals of Muhammad, Sunna

the code of law derived from the Quran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed

reunified China after Sui; emperors legitimized control with Buddhism; avoided over centralization, civil service, many benefits for Buddhists, by late 9th cent. Buddhism cracked down

movable type, flying money, calendar, compass, junk, gunpowder, astrolabe; neo Confucianism

eunuch who led voyages of gigantic fleet through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa under Ming Dynasty

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages

dominated by Italy and Ottoman Muslims

1299

Muslim who traveled to Mali, Persia, and India

both agriculture economy, dependent on peasantry; homogenous core, expansion of pop, autonomy to local officials, cities were centers of empire, defending borders was hard

Romans were more individualistic; no social conduct standard in Rome, greater economic mobility in Rome, China had more divine leadership, Christianity prevailed over Roman tradition, Confucianism is brought back

farmers and herders who migrated south from West Africa and spread language

under Alexander the Great; mixture and spread of Greek and Persian fused culture

vikings > crusades > black death > columbian exchange

capital of Han and Tang; huge, million residents, most lived outside walls, curfew

capital of Mongol empire

city-state on east African coast; major trading center by 14th century

capital of the Inca empire