AP World History Vocab Ch. 23

Started in the early Sixteenth Century, an era where people challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church.

(1483-1546) A German monk who challenged the Roman Catholic Church in 1517. He believed indulgences were signs of greed and wrote the 95 Theses.

A type pf pardon that excused individuals from doing penance for their sins and thus facilitated their entry into heaven.

Written by Martin Luther in 1517, a document that denounced the sale of indulgences. It spread quickly throughout Europe.

(1509-1564) A French lawyer who converted to Protestant Christianity in the 1530s. He moved to Geneva in Switzerland and developed a Protestant community there. His missionaries spread all over Europe.

The Roman Catholic Church's efforts to clarify the differences between Roman and Protestant churches, to persuade Protestants to return to the Roman church, and to deepen the sense of spirituality and religious commitment in their own community.

An assembly of bishops, cardinals, and other high church officials who met intermittently between 1545 and 1563 to address matters of doctrine and reform

The members of the Society of Jesus. They had to complete a rigorous and advanced education. They made extremely effective missionaries.

(1618-1648) A massive continental conflict that opened up after the Holy Roman emperor attempted to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic church. The main battleground was the emperor's territory in Germany.

Reigned 1519-1556. He tried to bring the Holy Roman Empire into the preeminent political authority in Western Europe, but His attention was focused on the Lutheran movement.

The monarch of England who reigned from 1509-1547. He came into conflict with the pope upon divorcing his wife, which the pope said he was not allowed to do. He became the head of the Anglican church in England and was excommunicated from the church.

The first monarchs of Spain who founded the Spanish Inquisition in 1478.

The most distinctive institution that relied on religious justifications to advance state ends. Founded by Fernando and Isabel in 1478. Its task was to ferret out those who practiced Judaism, Islam and Protestant heretics.

A country or state that has a constitution that specifies the powers of the state. England and the Netherlands created their own constitutions during the early 17th century.

Lived from 1599-1658. He controlled parliamentary forces that captured Charles I. His regime took power after the beheading of Charles I but the monarchy soon came back.

The king of England who was unable to cooperate or communicate with parliament. He and parliament raised armies, but he was captured, tried for tyranny, and beheaded in 1649.

(1688-1689) Parliament deposed King James II and invited his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William of Orange, to assume the throne. The arrangement provided that the kings would rule in cooperation with parliament.

The daughter of King James II and her Dutch husband, who came into power in 1689 in England, which is known as the Glorious Revolution.

Stood on a theoretical foundation known as the divine right of kings. The monarchs had exceptional power in control of their lands.

Kings derived their authority from God and served as "God's lieutenants on earth." The king made law and determined policy.

The king of France, who reigned from 1643-1715. He best epitomized royal absolution and called himself "the sun king".

A royal hunting lodge near Paris where King Louis XIV moved his palace. His palace was the biggest building in Europe, with 230 acres of formal gardens and 1400 fountains.

Leaders of the Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917) that tightly centralized government functions. The Russianized version of the word Caesar.

Reigned from 1682-1725. The most important of the Romanov tsars, who inaugurated a thoroughgoing process of state transformation. He desired Russia to become a great military power like those of Western Europe.

Reigned from 1762-1796. She sought to make Russia a great power like Peter I. She divided the empire into 50 different administrative provinces and promoted economic development in Russia's towns.

The treaty created in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War. It was an effort to avoid tearing their society apart. It laid the foundations for a system of independent, competing states.

(1756-1763) It pitted France, Austria, and Russia against Britain and Prussia, and it merged with conflicts between France and Britain in India and North America to become a global war for imperial supremacy.

No ruler wanted to see another state dominate all the others. So, when one state grew too strong, the others would form alliances and weaken the strong state. It was risky business.

The rapid population growth drove this and cities grew tremendously. Some grew because rulers chose them as sites of government, while others were commercial and industrial as well as government centers.

An economic system in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market and seek to take advantage of market conditions to profit from their activities.

Especially important institutions in early capitalist society. They spread the risks attached to expensive business enterprises and also took advantage of extensive communications and transportation networks.

The delivery of unfinished materials such as raw wool to rural households. The men and women would create products out of them, sell them back to the entrepreneurs, who then sold them on the market

Peasants tied to the land, in Russia during this time, who had restricted freedoms. It is a labor system that requires peasants to provide labor services for landowners in exchange for protection

Earth is motionless surrounded by a series of nine hollow, concentric spheres that revolved around it. The nine are: the sun, moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the stars, and the ninth surrounds the entire universe. After that is the realm of Heaven.

The sun stood at the center of the universe and that the planets, including the earth, revolved around the sun.

(1564-1642) Showed that the heavens were not the perfect, unblemished realm that Ptolemaic astronomers assumed but, rather, a world of change, flux, and many previously unsuspected sights

An English mathematician who lived from 1642-1727. He argued that a law of universal gravitation regulates the motions of bodies throughout the universe, and he offered precise mathematical explanations of the laws that govern movements of bodies on the earth.

The abandon of Aristotelian philosophy, Christian theology, and other traditionally recognized authorities, and sought to subject the human world to purely rational analysis.

An English philosopher who lived from 1632-1704. He worked to discover natural laws of politics by attacking divine-right theories used by absolute monarchs and advocating constitutional government on the grounds that sovereignty resides in the people rather than the state or its rulers.

Prominent intellectuals in France, where the center of Enlightenment thought was located. They advanced the cause of reason and addressed the educated public rather than scholars

The pen name of Francois-Marie Arouet who lived from 1694-1778. He epitomized the spirit of the Enlightenment and championed individual freedom and attacked any institution sponsoring intolerant or oppressive policies