AP World History vocab ch 6, 7, & 8

def: Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian Peninsula sig: occupied the uninhabitable desert zones

def: Leaders of tribes and clans within Bedouin society sig: elected leader that usually had a great number of family members in the tribe

def: city located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arab. Peninsula sig: contained the Ka'ba, a major religious shrine for Muslims

def: clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca sig: founded Mecca

def:tribes of Bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century CE sig: dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca

def: most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia sig: location for Islamic Hajj or pilgrimage

def: b.circa 570 ce to Banu Hashin clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca sig: Prophet of Islam

def: first wife of the Prophet Muhammad sig: as a trader, exposed Muhammad to the world beyond Arabia

def: recitations of revelations received by Muhammad sig: Holy Book of Islam

def: cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad sig: Muslim political leader and brought in new followers

def: community of the faithful within Islam sig: made possible a degree of political unity between tribes

def: Islamic tax for charity sig: made lower classes more equal to upper classes

def: the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat and hajj sig: universally appealing and brought in new followers

def: Islamic month of religious observance: fasting required from dawn to sunset sig: allows the faithful to demonstrate their fervor

def: Muslim pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca sig: allows Muslims to worship Allah at the Ka'ba

def: political and religious successor to Muhammad sig: made important decisions for Islamic society

def: one of Muhammad's earliest converts sig: succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph; stabilized rivalries between Bedouin tribes

def: wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632 sig: brought down rival prophets and restored unity to Islam

def: wars in defense of faith sig: forcibly spread the Muslim faith

def: Christian sect of Egypt sig: tended to support Islamic invasions of areas in preference to Byzantine rule

def: a Christian sect found in Asia sig: tended to support Islamic invasions of areas in preference to Byzantine rule

def: third caliph and member of Umayyad clan sig: Uthman's death was a signal to supporters of Ali to proclaim him as caliph

def: fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads sig: ended by Ali's plea for meditation

def: leader of Umayyad clan sig: first Umayyad caliph following the civil war with Ali

def: political and theological division within Islam sig: supporters of the Umayyads

def: political and theological division within Islam sig: followers of Ali

def: site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali sig: marked beginning of Shi'a resistance against Umayyad caliphate

def: Syrian city that was the capital of Umayyad caliphate sig: from this Umayyad caliphates strove to build a binding bureaucracy

def: non-Arab converts to Islam sig: grew Islam empire

def: Head tax payed by all non-believers in Islamic territories sig: had very low opportunities in life there, inspired people to join Islam

def: "people of the book" term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories sig: used as a symbol to separate Islam from many other religions

def: traditions of the prophet sig: played a critical role in Islamic law and ritual

def: dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam sig: formed alliances with dissident groups in resistance to the Umayyads

def: the Abbasid forces faced an army led by the Umayyad caliph himself sig: resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital

def: capital of Abbasid dynasty sig: helped expand to an even greater empire

def: chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliph sig:

def: Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails sig: carried good from one civilized core to be exchanged with those of another

def: the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule sig: provided work and crops to harvest

def: triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms sig: allowed the dhow ships to move across the water by use of the wind

def: third of the Abbasid caliphs sig: failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to solve problem of succession

def: one of the great Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era sig: preformed his caliph "duties" in a very preferred way

def: regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century sig: invaded heartlands of the Abbasid Empire and captured Baghdad

def: nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia sig: ruled in the name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century

def: military adventures launched by Christians to claim the holy-land from Muslims sig: reunited Islam against this foreign threat

def: Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century sig: reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam

def: Muslim historian sig: developed the concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations

def: orthodox religious scholars within Islam sig: increasingly opposed non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking

def: brilliant Islamic theologian sig: struggled to fuse the Greek and Qur'anic traditions

def: central Asian nomadic peoples sig: captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph

def: elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206 sig: responsible for conquests of northern kingdoms in China

def: ruler of Ilkhan khanate sig: responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257

def: Muslim slave warriors sig: defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260

def: Arab general sig: conquered Sind in India

def: third ruler of Turkish slave dynasties in Afghanistan sig: led invasion of northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression

def: military commander of Persian extraction sig: began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India

def: lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur sig: established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi

def: Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses sig: stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess of their veneration

def: celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry sig: reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women

def: Muslim mystic sig: played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam

def: trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra sig: controlled trade of empire

def: Portuguese factory for fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula sig: traditionally a center for trade in south eastern islands

def: most powerful of trading states on north coast of Java sig: converted to Islam and served as a point for dissemination to other ports

def: African societies organized around kinship sig: provided a form of government for stateless societies

def: the Arabic term for eastern north Africa sig: way to say eastern north Africa

def: the Arabic word for western north Africa sig: way to say western north Africa

def: a reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa sig: penetrated Islam into sub-Saharan Africa

def: Malinke merchants sig: formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire

def: the "Lion Prince"; member of the Keita clan sig: created a unified state that became the Mali Empire

def: professional oral historians sig: served as keepers of traditions and advisers to kings within the Mali Empire

def: Arab traveler sig: described African societies and cultures in his travel records

def: port city of Mali sig: contained a library and university

def: successor state to Mali sig: formed an independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty

def: Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century sig: extended boundaries of Songhay Empire

def: peoples of northern Nigeria sig: formed states following the demise of Songhay Empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions

def: Islamic law sig: kept knowledge of Islamic law

def: Arabic term for east African coast sig: way to say east African coast

def: the study of population sig: valued tool in historical inquiry

def: shift to low birthrate sig: decreased the growth rate of overall population

def: Powerful city state connected with the Portuguese in 1485 sig: important commercial and political entity until the 19th century

def: kingdom based on agriculture sig: capital at Mbanza Kongo

def: Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples sig: created centralized state by 15th century