phylogeney
the evolutionary history of a species or group of species
systematics
a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
genus specific epithet
the first part of a binomial is the ____ and second is the ______
species genus family order class phylum kingdom domain
order of the linnaean system
taxon
the taxonomic name at each level of hierarchy is called a _____
phylogenetic tree
the evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented in a branching diagram called a __________
phylocode
only names groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants
branch point
on a phylogenetic tree the place where 2 evolutionary lineages diverge from a common ancestor
sister taxa
on an evolutionary tree when groups of organisms share an immediate common ancestor
rooted
when a phylogenetic tree has a branch point that represents the most common ancestor of all the taxa in the tree
basal taxon
refers to a lineage that diverges early in the history of a group
polytomy
a branch point from which more than 2 descendant groups emerge
homoplasies
another word for analagous structures
molecular systematics
the discipline that uses data from DNA and other molecules to determine evolutionary relationships
cladistics
in the approach to systematics, common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms
clades
group consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants
monophyletic
a clade can only be equal to a taxon if its ___________ meaning that it consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants
paraphyletic
a group that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants
polyphyletic
group which includes taxa with different ancestors
shared ancestral character
a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
shared derived character
an evolutionary novelty unique to a clade
outgroup ingroup
the _________ is a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is know to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying, the _______
orthologous genes
found in different species, and their divergence traces back to the speciation events that produced them. very common and widespread ;arose from common descent
cytochrome gene
an example of orthologous genes...code for an electron transport chain protein
paralogous gene
its homology results from gene duplication. multiple copies of these genes have diverged from one another; this can evolve quickly
olfactory receptor genes
an example of paralogous genes
molecular clock
a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates
neutral theory
theory that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by natural selection
horizontal gene transfer
process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection, and perhaps fusion of organisms
help me remember the hierarchy
do kindly put the cat out for goodness sakes
Carl Woese
who created the 3-domain system
progenote
the common ancestor of all life
eukarya
archea is most closely related to ____
phylocode
proposed system of classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships: only names groups that include a common ancestor
3x10*76
there are _______ different ways to arrange __ species into a phylogenetic tree
maximum parsimony
assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely right tree
occam's razor
another word for maximum parsimony
maximum likelihood
based on a given set of rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.
phylogenetic bracketing
prediction that features shared by two groups of close relatives allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendants
molecular systematics
mitochondrial and Ribosomal rna genes are used in ________
common extend
orthologous genes are very ______ and can extend for ______ of years
50
loblolly pine trees and mouse-ear cress have about _____ percent orthologous genes
random mutation, periods of no mutation and spikes of mutation, natural selection causes DNA changes that are favored over others,
problems with molecular clocks
primates once clock-like 1930
HIV descended from a virus that infected other ______. it has spread to humans more than ______. Evolves in a ______ fashion. first infection somewhere around ___.
mtDNA
if you wanted to determine the lineage of plants that have evolved on a relatively young archipelago---approximately 15,000 years old. what type of nucleic acid should you compare?
homology
orthologous genes and paralogous genes fall under the umbrella of ______
decrease
how would rmax be expected to change with an increase in generation time?