personality
An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her
personality
Mary enjoys socializing with friends and talking with them on her cellphone, Eileen prefers quiet times by herself when she can reflect on her own thoughts. The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has a distinctive
psychoanalysis
Free association is central to the process of
the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware
According to Freud, the unconscious is
free association
Which of the following techniques did Freud use to discover the latent content of his patient's dreams?
id
According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is
id
When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his
superego
According to Freud, the part of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the
superego
Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to
phallic
According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus Complex during the _____ stage.
boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother
The Oedipus Complex is the term used by Freud to describe
reaction formation
4-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year. However, he started bed-wetting again soon after his sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates
projection
The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to other is called
rationalization
The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is
denial
A refusal to believe direct and highly credible evidence that your spouse is suffering a terminal illness best illustrates
meaningless inkblots
The famous test introduced by Hermann Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to
repression
Survivors' vivid memories of Nazi death camp experiences most clearly challenge Freud's concept of
self-determination
The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of
self-actualization
Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential has satisfied the need for
self-actualization
Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as
humanistic theorists
Which of the following have been criticized the most for offering concepts that are vague and subjective?
underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behavior
Humanistic theorists have been ciritcized for
traits
Characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives are called
traits
Personality inventories are designed to assess several _____ at once.
unconditional positive regard
The tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost anyone is
the MMPI
The Big Five trait dimensions were identified by means of
conscientiousness
A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of
reciprocal determinism
Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates
an external locus of control
The perception that your fate is determined by luck reflects
an internal locus of control
Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates
learned helplessness
Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks developed
a pessimistic attributional style
The body's disease-fighting immune system is most likely to be dampened by
emphasizes the use of scientific methods
Martin Seligman's positive psychology differs from the humanistic perspective in that it
the sense of self
Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider _____ to be of pivotal importance to personality.
the spotlight effect
Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called
"I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing"
Jacinda failed her last history midterm. Which of the following conclusions would be most representative of a self-serving bias on Jacinda's part?
secure self-esteem
Accepting ourselves without undue dependence on the approval of others best illustrates
psychoanalytic
The role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders is most clearly emphasized by the ________ perspective
weak ego
Jaydon doesn't realize that his alcohol abuse and neglect of his family is leading to the destruction of both his family and career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon shows signs of a
an oral fixation
Freud suggested that adults with a passive personality marked by a childlike dependency demonstrate signs of
reaction formation
Bryce often acts so daring and overly confident that few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as
the collective unconscious
Carl Jung emphasized the importance of ________ in personality functioning
projective
Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used ________ test
self-actualization
Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by others' opinions illustrate
a positive self-concept
Humanistic psychology has been most closely associated with an emphasis on the importance of
factor analysis
Which technique would psychologists use to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait?
the Barnum effect
During a phone call to the Psychic Network, Mark was told that "you often worry about things much more than you admit, even to your best friends." Mark's amazement at the psychic's apparent understanding of his personality best illustrates
agreeableness
One of the Big Five personality factors is
reciprocal determinism
Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates
an external locus of control
Marcy believes that the outcome of athletic contests depends so much on luck that it hardly pays to put any effort into her own athletic training. Her belief most clearly illustrates
a pessimistic attributional style
Although she is intelligent and a good athlete, Abigail believes that her low grades in school and losing the quarter-mile race are reflections of her own intellectual and athletic incompetence. Her conclusion best illustrates
the spotlight effect
When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates
unconscious wishes
Freud thought that the part of a dream that we remember is a censored version of
weak superego
Although Alex has frequently been caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about robbing these people. Alex most clearly demonstrates a(n)
the Oedipus complex
According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with
displacement
Bonnie is afraid to express anger at her overbearing and irritating supervisor at work, so she is critical of her children instead. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates
repression
Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Freud's concept of
self-transcendence
According to Maslow, the desire for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self refers to the motive for
Rogers
Who emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development?
emotional disorders
The MMPI was originally developed to identify
the Big Five
Around the world, people describe others' personality traits in terms that are consistent with a set of factors called
the trait perspective
The stability of personality during adulthood best illustrates the value of
situational influences
We can better predict drivers' behavior at traffic lights from knowing the color of the lights than from knowing the drivers' personalities. This best illustrates the importance of
reciprocal determinism
The social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of personal traits and environment, a process that Albert Bandura called
learned helplessness
After experiencing prolonged and seemingly inescapable physical abuse from her husband, Kayla became increasingly depressed and hopelessly resigned to her suffering. Her reaction best illustrates
unrealistic optimism
Students perceive themselves as less likely than the average classmate to develop drinking problems or drop out of school. This best illustrates
self-serving bias
Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate