Ch.5-6 Psych

The realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen is termed __________.

_____________ refers to changes in existing ways of thinking, understanding, or behaving in response to new stimuli or events

During Piaget's __________ stage, a child will show gains in symbolic thinking and mental reasoning emerges.

Piaget differs from many theorists who came before him in his observation that children experience _________ changes in knowledge and understanding as they move through the stages.

Three-year-old Lilly could not understand why her mother did not like the picture she had drawn on the wall, when Lilly thought it was so pretty. Lilly's reaction is an example of ________.

Kelly has reached a level of development where she can think abstractly. She can see alternative ways to approach a problem. Kelly is in Piaget's _________ stage.

In Piaget's theory of development, he believed that children pass through _______ universal stages.

The stage of concrete operational thought begins at age _____.

The major achievement that occurs in Piaget's Substage 6 of sensorimotor development is __________.

According to Piaget, adolescents fully settle into the formal operational stage around the age of ______.

In math class, the students were asked to determine which car would arrive at a destination first if one was traveling faster while the other one was closer to the destination. To understand this problem, a student would need to be in the ___________ level of thinking.

Which of the following equations best represents Piaget's ideas of cognitive development?

Piaget differs from many theorists who came before him in his observation that children experience _________ changes in knowledge and understanding as they move through the stages.

Some studies show that only ________ of college students and adults completely achieve formal operational thinking.

The basic building blocks of the way people understand the world are mental structures that Piaget called _________.

Which of the following suggestions has been developed based on the Piagetian approach to learning?

Nora tended to suck at anything that was placed on her lips. This baby is in Substage ______ of the sensorimotor stage of development.

The appropriate use of logic takes place in the _________ stage of Piaget's theory.

According to Piaget, an operation is defined as ___________.

As Piaget studied his research subjects, his goal was to understand _____________.

________________ is the process of concentrating on one limited component of a stimulus, while ignoring other aspects.

According to Piaget, children make the transition from preoperational thought to concrete operational thought between the ages of:

If a child is shown two identical balls of clay, one of which is then flattened as the child watches, and the child is asked which one now has more clay, you would know that this exercise is testing the child's ability to perform:

If a child is shown water poured from a tall, thin glass into a short, wide glass, and the child says there is the same amount of water in both glasses, this would indicate that the child's thought is characteristic of which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

According to _____, the failure to conserve is typical of children in the ________ stage of cognitive development.

Children leave the preoperational stage around _____ years of age.

The child with whom the experimenter shares crackers at the end of the clip is:

The principle of conservation means that ____.

Being able to understand the principle of conservation usually happens around ___ years of age.

When children begin to understand the principle of conservation, they are in the ____ stage of cognitive development.

The ability to ___ is important in understanding the principle of conservation.

When the mom hides the elephant and the baby boy finds it, he knows that even when an object can no longer be seen, it still exists. This clip demonstrates the concept of _________, which children usually develop around six months of age.

The child in this video is gaining information about the world through his senses and motor activity. According to Piaget, he is in the ___________ stage of development.

which scientist is associated with defining the stages of human cognitive development?

How many key stages are there in our cognitive development?

when does the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development take place?

When does the final stage of cognitive development begin for most people?

What findings did Dr. Woodward contribute to the field of psychology through her extensive research on babies?

The first child in the clip exhibited the egocentric view of a young child by

The second child in the clip exhibited an ability to empathize by

The concept of scaffolding derives ultimately from _______'s work.

The purpose of scaffolding is to:

At what stage are more and more parents feeling driven to begin educating their children?

What is the "learning illusion"?

According to the film what is a common motivator for parents to buy into the learning illusion?

What is the best way to ensure that a child is learning and growing?

What does psychologist Kathy Hirsh-Pasek mean when she says many children experience a "nature deficit."?

According to cross-cultural research examining parenting practices, which of the following was noted?

When a child receives assistance from other people - often more capable adults - this is called ________.

How did Vygotsky explain the emergence of cognitive processes, such as attention and memory?

In Vygotsky's theory, the zone of ________ development is the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently. They can, however, complete the task with assistance from a more competent assistant.

Actual physical items, like paper and pen, and an intellectual and conceptual framework for solving problems, combine to create ____________.

In simple terms, Vygotsky viewed children as ________.

Which of the following scenarios represents the idea of cooperative learning that uses Vygotsky's theory of scaffolding?

If you were to compare the theories of learning of many European American parents to those of the Chilcotin Indians, the latter would argue that learning can come only from _______.

Which of the following children would be considered in the zone of proximal development?

Four-year-old Michael wanted to help his mom bake cookies, but he didn't remember how they made them last time. His mother asked him questions to help him remember how they made them previously and they worked through it together. Her assistance is an example of _______________.

If you examine the cognitive developmental theory of Lev Vygotsky, which of the following would be a valid criticism?

In one study it was found that Mexican mothers provide more scaffolding for their children than fathers. How was this explained?

While Piaget saw children as ________, Vygotsky saw them as apprentices learning from master teachers.

Vygotsky believed that cognitive development was the product of ______________.

At the museum, the mother seemed to explain things with greater scientific detail to her son than to her daughter. This is a demonstration of _________ view of cognitive development.

Tom's teachers and parents always provided him with the support he needed to learn new things and encouraged him to be independent once he had learned. These efforts demonstrate the idea of ___________.

What must occur within the zone of proximal development for cognitive growth to take place?

Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development has encouraged classroom practices that promote ____________.

Which of the following current educational practices was especially influenced by Vygotsky's ideas?

According to Goldstein, if a child is looking at an apple and saying, "ba-ba-ba," which of the following would be best thing for the parent to say to the child?

How did Vygotsky explain the emergence of cognitive processes, such as attention and memory?

In which of the following settings do infants learn language skills with the best efficiency?

Which developmentalist believed that culture and society establish institutions that promote development by providing opportunities for cognitive growth?

Given the influence that his cognitive developmental theory has had on the field of psychology, many are surprised to learn that Dr. Lev Vygotsky died at the age of _____.

Mariska is learning how to tie her shoes. She is unable to make the "Rabbit Ears" in the laces that her mother has shown her, so her mother does it for her. Mariska then wraps the rabbit ears around each other and pulls one through the other. It appears that tying her own shoes is still in Mariska's zone of ________ development.

The concept of cooperative learning is used in many classrooms today. Which developmentalist was responsible for influencing this idea?

Which of the following would NOT be an example of a cultural tool?

When a child in the Chilcotin Indian tribe asks a parent how to do a particular task, which of the following responses will the child be most likely to receive?

The process by which information is initially recorded in a form that is usable to memory is called __________.

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin information processing model, the ___________ is the initial, momentary storage of information.

________ memory, though longer than the duration of a sensory store, is still very brief. Information can last for between 15 and 25 seconds before it must be used in some way.

A process that can be completed with relatively little attention is considered ___________.

The final stage in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model is _________.

In order for information in short-term memory to be kept alive, it must be ____________.

The basic and enduring structures of information processing that remain relatively constant throughout the course of development are called _________.

If you compare the ability of a child and an adult to remember numbers and letters and the way this ability changes over time, the research cited in your textbook suggests that

Carrie loved her history class. She found it easy to remember the people's names and dates of historical events. This type of memory is known as _________.

Amy has decided to take her boyfriend Bill to go roller-skating, an activity that Bill has never before tried. As Amy explains to Bill how to put on the skates, stand, balance, move forward, turn, and brake, she is calling on ________ memories.

What is the correct order of stages in the information processing model?

One phenomenon that is often seen in young children is stranger anxiety, where unfamiliar faces will trigger an anxious response. This would be unusual to see in a child who is at least 5 years old, however. How would this decline in stranger anxiety be explained based on the information-processing theory?

Russ is taking an exam in his World History class. He has studied at length, and feels prepared for the test. As he sits in front of his test paper, he is trying to bring the information that he has previously stored into his awareness so that he can apply it to the questions. Russ is currently engaging in ________.

Contemporary researchers believe that working memory is determined by a _____________.

The information processing approach to cognitive development differs from other cognitive development theorists. The difference is most significant when comparing information processing theory to ___________ cognitive stage theory.

A set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information is called ________ memory.

Smells, sounds, and visual images are all examples of ________.

What is the key process of sensory memory?

What do psychologists call the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about information in order to keep it in memory?

What is the key process of long-term memory?

The more information a person acquires, ______.

What happens first when you hear a song, see a photograph, or pet a cat?

In terms of the way it processes and stores information, the brain functions similar to which of the following?

What is sensory memory?

What are the two subtypes of long-term memory?

What major role does the hippocampus play in processing memories?

If we are comparing the steps in information processing to a computer, the retrieval stage is analogous to a computer ___________.

Typically information in one's sensory store is lost within _____ second(s) after encoding unless that information is quickly routed to short-term memory.

Whenever Kaylee smelled freshly baked chocolate chip cookies, she was reminded of her childhood. This is an example of a(n) ___________.

Which of the following processes is probably the most important in the development of a child's ability to use concepts?

Atkinson and Shiffrin's approach to information processing includes _________ systems.

In general what is the relationship between changes in short-term memory (STM) and age, up to adulthood?

Storage in short-term memory lasts at the most for ________.

According to information processing theorists, developmental change is not reflected in changes in cognitive architecture, but rather in the ________ and capacity of information processing over time.

When comparing the stages of the information processing approach to a computer, we can think of the encoding stage as the computer ________.

People remember factual information in ________ memory.

Devon has just been given a phone number to remember, but she has nothing with which she can write it down. While she is looking for a pen, she mutters the number to herself over and over again so she won't forget it. This process of keeping a stimulus active in short-term memory is called ________.

The degree to which an activity requires attention is known as ___________.

Another name for memory capacity in short-term memory is ____________.

The process of finding and bringing information stored in memory into awareness is ___________.

One-year-old Lisa understood that an animal with four legs, a wagging tail, and barking was a dog. Lisa had developed a _________ of a dog.

Which of the following is a good study habit?

Which of the following is an example of "blocking"?

Which of the following is an example of "interleaving"?

How should math books be organized to better prepare a student for a test?

How does spacing while you are studying help you in the long run?

The teacher wanted to give her students strategies for organizing information so they were more likely to remember it. This is a practice known as _______.

Sherri was worried about her math test. She decided to study in the room where she would take the test, since this was the best way for her to remember what she had studied. Her decision is an example of the ___________.

The one facet of memory that does seem to improve with age, from childhood to adulthood, is ________ memory.

According to developmental psychologist Robbie Case, cognitive development proceeds because of increases in ___________.

The reason long-term memory tends to diminish with age is that __________.

In the ___________ strategy, one word might be paired with another that sounds like it

It has been shown that absolute capacity of sensory memory is at an adult level by the age of _____.

The type of memory necessary to recall a particular event from one's own life is called ___________ memory.

The first step in information processing is _________.

___________ is the understanding we have of the processes that underlie memory.

By the time a person reaches _________, they should have become more adept at dividing their attention across more than one stimulus at a time.

The most recent research shows that memories of personal experiences do NOT seem to be accurate before the age of ____________.

During the social studies test, Vanessa remembered how global warming worked by thinking of herself at the beach on a hot day. This is an example of __________.

Although older research suggested that infantile amnesia prevented children from having memories from their earliest years, more recent research suggests that children may recall experiences from as early as ____ months of age.

A team of researchers at Johns Hopkins University has discovered that certain kinds of _________ are beneficial in producing long-term memories.

Which approach to cognitive development focuses on the quantitative changes that occur?

______________ is the ability to allocate attention based on the goals that are desired.

The average attention span of a five- or six-year-old is about ________ minutes on a single activity.

The operating efficiency hypothesis states that people are able to remember better with age, from childhood to adulthood, because __________.

Psychologist Michael Cole and his colleagues (1971) demonstrated that there were rather few memory differences between children from Western cultures and educated children in ________.

Tina's mom drives her to school every day. They use the same route and the same routines. Unless something out of the ordinary occurs, Tina doesn't really distinguish one ride from another. This memory is an example of a ___________.

Researchers have found that palmitate, a sticky fatty acid, has an effect on ____________.

Penny has an ongoing problem with finding her car keys in the morning. She just can't seem to remember to leave them on the table by her front door! To get over this, she purchases a key hook from the local hardware store and mounts it to the wall just inside of her front door. From then after, she rarely has any difficulty finding her car keys. Which type of mnemonic has Penny employed?

In the study, an infant was able to activate a mobile by kicking its leg which was attached to the mobile by a string. Some time later, the infants were given the opportunity to repeat the process. This study gave evidence that showed ______.

Which of the following would NOT be considered a mnemonic strategy?

Jenna knew that the best way for her to learn her multiplication tables was to rehearse them over and over. This is a type of ___________.

The physical characteristics of stimuli are what make them into ___________ stimuli.

Which of the following would be the best synonym for rehearsal?

Memory experts have noted that the culture in which a person is raised has __________ on the basic memory process.

Like most people, Jared can remember only events that happened after the age of ______.

The capacity of short-term memory is based on __________.

Six-month-old Alyssa knows that when her mother puts a jacket on her, they are going to ride in the stroller, so she eagerly raises her arms to put on the jacket. This is evidence of ____________.

Thinking that demonstrates a preschool-aged child's use of primitive reasoning is known as _____ thought.

The process which people use to understand an experience in terms of their current stage of development and way of thinking is known as ____________.

A baby might begin to combine grasping a rattle with sucking on it during Substage _______.

By the time he was 18 months old, Billy loved to throw a toy into the bathtub repeatedly to see how high he could make the water splash. Which of Piaget's substages does this represent?

The four-month-old baby wanted to put every object she could grasp into her mouth. This is a type of sensorimotor ____________.

Two-year-old Stephanie loves to pretend she is driving a car as she sits in her high chair. Today she went she pushed up her fist and yelled "HONK HONK" as she was playing. Her mother smiles at this, as she remembers that she honked the horn at a careless driver while taking Stephanie to a play-date that morning. Stephanie is demonstrating ___________.