Chapter 11-12 AP

Each state has ___ senators elected every ___ years.

The U.S. Congress is bicameral, as is every American state legislature except ____, which has one house (unicameral).

The Constitutional Convention resulted in what form of legislature?

Partisan ___ occurs when members of both parties move away from the moderate middle and share increasingly less common ground.

In the House of Representatives, who is second in authority to the Speaker of the House?

Members of Congress differ from the larger American population in they are disproportionately ____.

_____ is a good example of Congressional casework.

"Pork" legislation may aid the district of a member of Congress by _____.

The English politician and philosopher Edmund Burke advocated the concept of legislators as ____.

Congressional whips serve what main function?

______ is the only formal method for ending a filibuster and requires the approval of ____ senators.

Which incumbent advantage does Edwards say is more important in the Senate than in the House?

A ____ is introduced (in similar or identical versions) in both the House and the Senate at the same time.

What best explains the overwhelming advantage incumbents possess in seeking reelection over opposition candidates?

No bill can be passed unless both House and Senate agree on it; each body can thus ___ the policies of the other.

Which statement is true of the House of Representatives?

Figure 11.1, The Incumbency Factor in Congressional Elections, demonstrates the rarity of an incumbent losing a seat in election. Which incumbent advantage involves service to individuals and the district?

Why are there currently 435 members in the House of Representatives?

The ____ makes economic projections about the performance of the economy, the costs of proposed policies, and the economic effects of taxing and spending alternatives.

Over the past three decades, the distance between the political parties in Congress has been growing steadily. As the parties have pulled apart ideologically, they also have become more _____ internally.

A ____ is a group of members of Congress who share some interest or characteristic; their goal is to promote the interests around which they are formed.

_____ committees exist in both the House and Senate, may be temporary or permanent, and usually have a focused responsibility.

Party leaders form the two chambers of Congress sometimes use ____ legislation that addresses numerous and perhaps unrelated subjects, issues, and programs to create winning coalitions, forcing members to support the entire bill to obtain the individual parts.

The true leader of the Senate is the ___, elected by the majority party.

Most of the real work of Congress goes on in ___, which dominate congressional policymaking in all its stages.

____ organize hearings, research legislative options, draft reports on bills, write legislation, and keep tabs on the activities of the executive branch.

In the Senate, and particularly in the House of Representatives, it takes a large shift in votes to affect the outcomes of most elections. To increase turnover in the membership of Congress, some reformers have proposed ___ for representatives and senators.

Which of the following groups is most underrepresented in Congress?

The vice president's only constitutionally defined job is to serve as ____ of the Senate.

Members of Congress are not typical or average Americans; thus, they cannot claim ____ representation- representing constituents by mirroring their personal, politically relevant characteristics. But they may engage in ____ representation- representing the interests of groups of which they themselves are not members.

The ___ holds the only legislative office mandates by the Constitution.

Every bill goes to a ____, which holds the power to pass it or defeat it.

In the House of Representatives, a bill goes to the Rules Committee _____.

What is the name given to federal projects, grants, and contracts available to state and local governments, businesses, colleges, and other institutions in a congressional district?

____ is defined as the activities of members of Congress that help constitutents as individuals, particularly by cutting through bureaucratic red tape.

Nearly one-half of House personal staff and nearly one-third of Senate personal staff work in Congressional members' offices in ____; this makes it easier for people to make contact with the staff.

What is the typical process followed by a bill in the House of Representatives?

A special joint committee created to reconcile differences in bills passed by the House and Senate is called a(n) ____ committee.

Fundamental flaws in the operations and management of FEMA became evident in its response to four hurricanes that hit Florida in 2004; yet by 2005, when Katrina hit the Gulf Coast, Congress had not yet held hearings to pinpoint and resolve FEMA's problems. Similarly, Congress missed the fact that various agencies with responsibility for supervising the banking industry were negligent in identifying looming financial problems that led to the recession of 2008-2009. These incidents represent failures of ______.

The committee system in Congress is highly ____; thus, it is open to the appeals of a wide range of special interests represented by highly paid lobbyists. If Congress were more ____ and only those interests cleared by the leadership received hearings, special interests might be constrained-but then there would be a danger that only the interests reflecting the views of the leadership would be heard.

Over the past thirty years, the parties have become increasingly polarized; at the core of the increased ideological distance between the parties have been increasingly divergent electoral coalitions. One important factor is that state legislatures have drawn the boundaries of House districts so that the partisan divisions in the constituencies of representatives have become _____.

There is some evidence that lobbying pays off, but efforts to change policy usually meet with resistance. Generally, when lobbying does succeed, which of the following patterns tends to hold true?

The House minority leader _____.

Charges with the responsibility to ____, the _______ is almost certainly the most powerful committee in either chamber of Congress.

This individual keeps close contact with all members of his or her party, counts votes for key legislation, prepares summaries of bills, and acts as a communications link within the party.

Which statement about incumbency is most accurate?

What does Morris Fiorina argue regarding policymaking?

In the House of Representatives, more than ____ percent of incumbents.

Which example best demonstrates a legislator acting as a trustee of his or her constituency?

A lobbyist for the NRA would be most effective when targeting a legislator ____.

Why is modern technology important to members of Congress seeking reelection?

____ occurs when congresspersons help constituents as individuals-cutting through bureaucratic red tape to give people what they think they have a right to get.

The term ____ refers to federal projects, grants, and contracts available to state and local governments, businesses, colleges, and other institutions in a congressional district: it provides congresspersons with a means of servicing their constituencies.

In the 2009-2010 election cycle, congressional candidates and supporting party committees spent more than _____ to contest 435 House and 33 Senate seats.

How are committee chairs selected in the House?

The Constitution specifies that members of the House must be at least ____ years old and American citizens for ___ years.

Which response best reflects the dilemma of pork in legislation?

What best represents the trend of party polarization over the last three decades?

Consider Boston's "Big Dig" project pictured in this chapter. Congressional servicing of the constituency is best defines as ____.

Which one of the powers listed below is a constitutional power that the president shares with the Senate?

Which institutional resource is closest to the president?

In which institutional resource are leaders both appointed by the president and approved by the Senate?

Which of these became an official presidential qualification in 1951?

What is executive privilege?

Who has the role of breaking a tie in the Senate?

Historically, vice-presidential candidates are chosen to ____.

What does the Twenty-Second Amendment do?

Presidents have to spend time leading the legislature in order to gain support for their initiatives because the American system is one of _____.

Which presidential power is balanced by required approval of the Senate with a two-thirds vote?

Congress can remove a president through _____.

Whom did the Framers expect to be the first president of the United States?

What has to happen in Congress before the president can be impeached?

Which of these presidents is arguably the first modern president?

Throughout most of its history, which was considered an insignificant office?

Which presidential oversight includes the State of the Union address?

What was intended to give Congress a greater voice in the introduction of American troops into hostilities?

Based on the four points regarding impeachable offenses, which of the following might constitute an impeachable offense?

How did Walter Mondale's actions change expectations of service for the vice presidency?

Which of the following is an example of the rally-round-the-flag effect?

The use of ___ in foreign matters is an example of the president acting as a global leader.

What is the purpose of the Council of Economic Advisers?

Which best describes the president's constitutional duty to Congress?

Which is one of the reasons that power and responsibility of the presidency has grown?

American presidents have a variety of backgrounds. Who was the only political scientist to become president?

What role does a president play when celebrating a national holiday?

Which reviews legislative proposals and assesses their budgetary implications?

Refer to Table 12.5. Which president exercised his veto power the most?

What did the Framers do to avoid anarchy or monarchy in the executive branch?

Refer to Table 12.3. Which of the president's constitutional powers gives the president the ability to shape the federal courts far into the future?

The president can influence Congress through evidence of popular support, otherwise known as _____. It offers legitimacy and credibility to a recently elected president's proposals.

Presidents with high levels of ____ have an easier time influencing Congress, while those with low levels find influencing Congress more difficult.

Which is a group of presidential advisers? This group is too large and too diverse to serve as a collective board.

The chief to staff, press secretary, and national security assistant are all members of which group?

What is the role of the National Security Council?

Which statement about the news is generally true?

In which way do modern presidents differ from the original intentions of the Framers of the Constitution?

How might presidents use their powers of persuasion in the legislative process?

Why does the perception of an electoral mandate matter in presidential politics?

In which capacity is a modern vice president particularly influential in American politics?

Which of the following statements best characterizes the nature of the conflict between presidents and Congress?

Which of the following statements best describes contemporary relationships between presidents and Congress?

How has the office of vice president changed over the years?

Which of the following leadership abilities is critical to presidential success?

How might rallying events affect presidential politics?

When might citizens be particularly concerned about an expansion of presidential power?

How do presidential elections affect the political dynamic of a president's domestic political agenda?

According to the text, what is true about most of the presidents following Lyndon Johnson?

What distinguishes the modern/contemporary president from the institution originally envisioned by the Framers of the Constitution?

Which word best describes the language used by the Framers to describe the office of the president?

What was the turning point that substantially increased presidential responsibilities?

Why was it significant that George Washington was the first person elected to the presidency?

What distinguishes contemporary presidents from early presidents?

How does the White House staff differ from the president's Cabinet?

Which of the following statements provides the best characterization of the members of the White House staff?

Why was the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Constitution adopted?

Which describes something the George W. Bush used which caused critics to charge that presidential powers threatened the constitutional balance of powers?

Which of the following statements has been identified as a potential problem associated with the role of the First Lady in American politics?

Why was the Wars Powers Resolution (1973) adopted by Congress?

Refer to Figure 12.3. Which statement reflects the information displayed in the figure?