1. Which of the following statements about children's motor development is true?
a. Children develop motor skills in a consistent sequence.
The age at which a child develops a motor skill may vary from one child to another.
Both genetic codes and environment influence the development of motor skills.
All of these.
____ 2. The stages of information processing in memory are
encoding, storage, and retrieval.
____ 3. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the three stages of memory referred to as
sensory, short-term, and long-term.
____ 4. Humans experience a "stream of consciousness" rather than discrete choppy impressions because
sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected.
____ 5. Visual experience appears as a smooth and continuous "stream of consciousness" because of the combined action of __________ and __________.
iconic memory: saccadic eye movements
____ 6. Memory traces of sounds
decay more slowly than those of visual stimuli.
____ 7. What is the typical maximum number of chunks of information that can be held in short-term memory?
seven
____ 8. The way in which we conceptualize our worlds, our beliefs, and our expectations are built around cognitive structures called
schemas.
____ 9. The __________ model of memory proposes that memory consists of a single dimension that varies in depth.
levels-of-processing
____ 10. Which of the following is true regarding long-term memory organization?
Long-term memory is usually well organized.
People organize information according to a hierarchical structure.
Categorization of stimuli is a basic cognitive function used to store information efficiently.
all of these
____ 11. In Ebbinghaus's classic curve of forgetting, the greatest memory loss occurs
most rapidly just after the material is initially learned.
____ 12. The structural changes in the brain that take place with the formation of new episodic memories most likely begin in the
hippocampus.
____ 13. What part of the memory system is the prefrontal cortex thought to be?
executive center
____ 14. George Miller found that the average person is able to keep about _______ digits in mind at a time.
seven
____ 15. Explicit memory, also called _________ memory, can be clearly stated or explained.
declarative
____ 16. The memory of things that happen to us or occur in our life are referred to as
episodic memory.
____ 17. General knowledge of history, algebra, and literature refers to __________ memory.
semantic
____ 18. The memory that tends to fail when we are feeling stressed, distracted, and preoccupied is called
prospective memory.
____ 19. Which of the following is NOT a psychological format that can be used to transform information to be encoded?
sensory code
____ 20. Mentally repeating a list or saying it to yourself refers to
maintenance rehearsal.
____ 21. The correct order of events in memory processing is
encoding, storage, and retrieval.
____ 22. The eyes fixate from point to point several times each second. What is this called?
saccadic eye movements
____ 23. The significance of Sperling's partial-report procedure study is that he established time limits for _____ memory.
sensory
____ 24. Information at the beginning and end of a list tends to be more easily recalled than information in the middle of the list. This cognitive process is called
serial-position effect.
____ 25. The process by which new information displaces older information in short-term memory could explain why
the most recently learned bit of information is less likely to be forgotten.
the least recently learned bit of information is more likely to be forgotten.
both a and b
____ 26. What is the third stage of information processing, according to Atkinson and Shiffrin?
long-term memory
____ 27. A psychology student wants to know how to remember the various aspects of operant conditioning. His teacher tells him to relate it to classical conditioning, which he already knows. This is an example of ______ rehearsal.
elaborative
____ 28. Emotionally charged events that arrest public interest, like the attacks of September 11, 2001, tend to be remembered as
flashbulb memories.
____ 29. Evidence from a number of studies demonstrates that recall is __________ when the person is tested in a place different from where the material was learned in the first place. These findings illustrate the significance of __________ memory.
worse: context-dependent
____ 30. In the effects of mood on memory, a happy mood may evoke happy memories, and a sad mood may evoke sad memories. What do these effects illustrate?
state-dependent memory
____ 31. Who pioneered the classic studies that first made use of nonsense syllables in the study of forgetting and memory?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
____ 32. What is the memory task for most of the items in a multiple-choice test, such as the one you are taking?
recognition
____ 33. The paired associates task is used to measure the ______ memory task.
relearning
____ 34. When an old piece of information interferes with your ability to learn something new, this memory problem is called ____________ interference.
proactive
____ 35. Which of the following statements is true regarding Freud's concept of repression?
The desire to avoid painful memories motivates repression.
Repression is an attempt to remove painful memories from conscious awareness.
Evidence for repression is weak.
All of these.
____ 36. The lack of support for the existence of recovered memories is based on
evidence that therapists may be suggesting traumatic memories.
studies that show how easily false memories can be implanted through leading questions.
both a and b
____ 37. Which of the following is a physiological factor contributing to infantile amnesia?
The hippocampus does not mature until about two years of age.
The myelination of brain pathways is incomplete for the first few years of life.
both b and c.
____ 38. In __________ amnesia, there are memory lapses for the period following a trauma such as a blow to the head, electric shock, or a surgical operation.
dissociative
____ 39. When sea snails, such as Aplysia and Hermissenda, are conditioned, more of the neurotransmitter __________ is released at certain synapses.
serotonin
____ 40. All of the following naturally occurring chemical substances have been shown to play a role in memory EXCEPT
dopamine and GABA.
