According to Piaget, one of the reasons that logic is beyond young children is that: A. young children are not capable of fast-mapping. B. young children tend to engage in cognitive reversal processes. C. young children assume that the world is always changing. D. young children are significantly limited by their own perspective.
D
Janet believes that her brother Rubin would turn into a girl if he were to put on a dress. In this way, she is demonstrating: A. irreversibility. B. conservation. C. focus on appearance. D. guided participation.
C
Four-year-old Kanaan's mother makes him a ham and cheese sandwich for lunch. However, Kanaan refuses to eat the sandwich, stating that he does "not like cheese." When Kanaan's mother removes the cheese from the sandwich, he still refuses to eat and again states that he does "not like cheese." This is an example of: A. static reasoning B. irreversibility. C. egocentrism. D. concentration.
B
A study of Mexican American children and the questions that they asked found that: A. older children asked more questions than younger children. B. most questions were about nature, such as "Why is the sky blue?" C. highly educated mothers recorded fewer questions. D. most questions were about human behavior, such as "Why do people kiss?"
D
Theory of mind: A. typically appears rather suddenly. B. occurs in predictable phases over a period of two to three years between the ages of 4 and 8. C. occurs in predictable phases over a period of two to three years between the ages of 8 and 12. D. does not occur until the formal operational stage of cognitive development is reached.
A
The understanding that other people can have thoughts and ideas unlike one's own describes: A. neurological maturation. B. linguistic competence. C. theory of mind. D. scaffolding.
C
The ability to speak or write is called _________ language. A. expressive B. receptive C. regularized D. syntax
A
The tendency of a young child to apply rules of grammar when he or she should not is: A. overregularization. B. fast-mapping. C. syntax extension. D. scaffolding.
A
One explanation for immigrant children to "language shift" is: A. fast-mapping. B. role reversal. C. their egocentrism. D. their stranger anxiety.
C
According to the text, what complicates the evaluation of Head Start programs? A. The program is no longer federally funded. B. Various programs refuse to participate. C. Gender-based differences in cognitive development make comparisons difficult. D. Programs vary in length, curriculum, and goals.
D
Which of the following early education approaches is the most expensive? A. Reggio Emilia B. Montessori C. Head Start D. Intervention
A
In the United States overall, what is the percentage of 3- to 4- year-olds enrolled in preschool? A. about 25% B. about 50% C. about 75% D. about 90%
B
Which of the following would best explain why a preoperational child would not be able to understand that cats can be both pets and wild animals? A. egocentrism B. centration C. irreversibility D. conservation
B
A 3-year-old who gives his mother a toy car for HER birthday and expects that she will love it is demonstrating: A. egocentrism. B. centration. C. focus on appearance. D. static reasoning.
A
Piaget has been criticized for: A. underestimating conceptual ability during early childhood. B. overestimating the abilities of young children. C. identifying what young children can understand. D. overestimating the abilities of infants.
A
Because most 3-year-olds have not yet developed a theory of mind, it makes it difficult for them to: A. tell the truth. B. love. C. lie. D. play hide-and-seek.
C
Mother-child conversations focusing on what seems to help children develop theory of mind? A. thoughts and wishes B. scientific explanations of the world around them C. storytelling D. explaining cause and effect
A
What did a study comparing preschool children from various countries find to be the primary factor in development of theory of mind? A. brain maturation B. culture C. language ability D. social interaction
A
The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called: A. scaffolding. B. fast-mapping. C. guided participation. D. conservation.
B
2-year-old Erich tells his father, "Pick up yours shoe." This is an example of: A. receptive language. B. fast-mapping. C. expressive language. D. overregularization.
D
In order to foster balanced bilingualism, what do children need? A. scaffolding in both languages B. appreciation of both languages and cultures C. regular opportunities to speak both languages D. All of the above answers are correct.
D
What is one of the best questions a parent could ask when trying to find a high-quality preschool? A. "How much parental involvement is required?" B. "How much free time do the children get each day?" C. "What is the educational emphasis of this center?" D. "How long has each staff member worked at this center?"
D
Which of the following statements about Head Start is true? A. Its long-lasting beneficial effects are well documented. B. Some programs involve parents; others do not. C. All employ teacher-centered approaches. D. All use the same curriculum and work to achieve the same goals.
B
In the United States, the most widespread early-childhood education program is: A. universal pre-K. B. the Perry Project. C. Project Head Start. D. Montessori.
C
Which Piagetian term literally means "self-centered"? A. centration B. preoperational thought C. egocentrism D. conservation
C
At preschool, it is Steph's 4th birthday. Although Henry is only 3 years old, he insists that he is older than Steph because he is taller than her. Henry focusing only on height as a measure of age is an example of: A. symbolic thinking. B. conservation. C. centration. D. static thought.
C
Which of the following is an example of the social mediation function of speech? A. when people talk to themselves B. when teachers explain things C. when adults use private speech quietly to develop new ideas D. when babies verbalize and practice the sounds of their native language
D
According to theory-theory: A. children want logical definitions. B. children want explanations of various things. C. even very young children are capable of abstract thought. D. young children understand what other people are thinking.
B
When children ask "why" questions, the questions typically revolve around: A. human behavior. B. nonliving things. C. objects. D. science.
A
Early childhood is __________ for language learning. A. a critical period B. a sensitive period C. both a critical and a sensitive period D. neither a critical nor a sensitive period
B
Montessori schools emphasize: A. artistic expression. B. individual pride and accomplishment. C. group activities and projects. D. pretend and dramatic play.
B
In the 1960s in the United States, which of the following were created to improve learning among children who are disadvantaged? A. new books published for early readers B. Head Start programs C. Sesame Street D. All of the above answers are correct.
D
A young child's belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive is: A. static reasoning. B. abnormal. C. animism. D. centration.
C
Vygotsky's term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society is: A. theory-theory. B. zone of proximal development. C. apprentice in thinking. D. scaffolding.
C
Which of the following has been shown to influence when a child exhibits a theory of mind? A. age and siblings B. numerical understanding and having a theory-theory C. height and weight D. age and private speech
A
Which of the following make early childhood ideal for language development? A. myelination B. scaffolding C. social interaction D. All of the above answers are correct.
D
According to research, children who are exposed to more than one language in early childhood: A. are able to learn and separate the two languages. B. become confused and are unable to separate the two languages. C. usually end up with impaired language development. D. can become fluent in one of the languages, but not the other.
A
What is the concern when immigrant children serve as interpreters for their parents? A. semilingualism B. language shifting C. role reversal D. language loss
C
Teacher-directed programs emphasize: A. artistic expression. B. play. C. self-paced exploration. D. preparation for school.
D
According to the text, what complicates the evaluation of Head Start programs? A. The program is no longer federally funded. B. Various programs refuse to participate. C. Gender-based differences in cognitive development make comparisons difficult. D. Programs vary in length, curriculum, and goals. Correct
D