Which of the following might be considered new roles in classrooms that address race and ethnicity?
A. Teachers become active agents of change.
B. Teachers reach out to community members.
C. Students interact with community groups involved in change efforts.
*D. All of the answers are correct.*
All of the following might be good uses of content area knowledge in a classroom that is sensitive to race and ethnicity, except
A. the history of diversity in the United States.
B. the concepts of genotype and phenotype.
*C. ethnocentric-oriented textbooks and resources.*
D. unbiased content materials.
One problem with some standardized assessments is that
they have been normed on only one racial or ethnic group (usually whites)
The term for the belief that one's own "ways" are good, natural, and right, is
ethnocentrism
Which of the following is not an extreme case of prejudice?
A. racism
B. hate groups
C. racial profiling
*D. ethnocentrism*
Which of the following correctly describes the adjustment function of prejudice?
prejudicial attitudes that aid in dealing with a complex world
Which of the following correctly describes the value-expressive function of prejudice?
prejudicial attitudes that demonstrate one's self-image to others
All of the following are components of prejudice formation, except
A. behavioral component.
*B. adjustment component.*
C. affective component.
D. cognitive component.
Which of the following ways in which children learn prejudice do you think might be changed through social and economic pressure?
the media
The practice of racial profiling is best described as
a practice of law enforcement that targets minority people
Strategies that help individuals become less prejudiced strive to include all of the following, except
A. improving critical thinking skills.
B. avoiding stereotypes.
*C. encouraging impulsive behavior.*
D. encouraging examination of reasons or motivations behind one's thoughts and actions.
According to the authors, the best conditions under which social contact can be improved include
personal familiarity, school norms encouraging intergroup interaction, equal status contact, and subordinate goals.
It is well to be cautious when applying the contact hypothesis (bringing students from different groups together) because
equal status within the school may not translate to equal contact outside of the school.
The authors make the following recommendations to teachers for creating classroom environments that encourage critical thought, except
*A. setting aside a specific time each day to practice critical thinking skills.*
B. creating an environment of safety, trust, and respect.
C. maintaining balance between student talk and teacher talk.
D. emphasizing metacognition.
Improving self-confidence and self-acceptance in students
often decreases prejudice
Prejudice implies a lack of thought or care in making judgments about others.
TRUE
Racial and ethnic prejudice can be expressed both positively and negatively; in the United States, it is most often expressed positively.
FALSE
Effective teachers in classrooms that address race and ethnicity need to be aware that majority children do not always understand the role race plays in their lives.
TRUE
The concept of phenotype refers to visible traits such as skin color, while the concept of genotype refers to shared genetic traits.
TRUE
Prejudicial attitudes that offer decision-making criteria about members of outgroups illustrate the ego-defensive function of prejudice.
FALSE
Children may learn prejudice as a survival technique as a way to "fit into a group." This way of learning prejudice is referred to in the literature as Group Membership.
TRUE
Hate groups may be defined as any organized body that denigrates and advocates violence against select groups of people based on race, religion, or sexual orientation.
TRUE
Research points to the fact that individuals with divergent thinking are more likely to have a high degree of prejudice.
FALSE
Individuals who use metacognition think about their thinking and strive to be aware of how they have come to a decision.
TRUE
Cooperative learning is a strategy for helping students learn to reduce prejudice.
TRUE
Globalization refers to all of the following, except
A. a system that requires understanding, sensitivity, and collaboration.
B. a system of increasingly complex intercultural interactions.
C. a system of interconnectedness among the world's peoples.
*D. a system of national loyalties and emerging nation-states.*
The following are characteristics of the Cold War era, except
A. division and walls.
*B. balance between individuals and states.*
C. "friends" and "enemies."
D. one-on-one communication technologies.
Which of the following is an emphasis on the statement of the National Council for the Social Studies on global perspectives?
emphasis on human experience influenced by transnational and cross-cultural interaction
Each of the following are part of Piaget's Stage Theory, except
A. sensorimotor stage.
B. preoperational stage.
*C. discrete operations stage.*
D. formal operations stage.
Sana is a preschooler who exhibits an egocentric behavior. She is in the
preoperational stage
Which of the following constitutes a requirement for education in a global society?
the preparation of individuals to perceive, think, communicate, and behave differently
Hanvey uses the term perspective in "perspective consciousness" to describe an awareness that
one's view of the world is not universally shared
Catherine is aware that more than 16,000 children die from hunger-related causes each day. This is example of Catherine's
state of the planet awareness
Hanvey suggests that developing cross-cultural awareness may be the most difficult of the five dimensions to attain because
it is a developmental process that takes time
Knowledge of global dynamics suggests that
we should expect some unanticipated effects as we modify the environment
Dmitri's awareness of human choice refers to the fact that
as he becomes more knowledgeable, he must rethink some of his earlier assumptions and decisions
Effective pedagogies in the global classroom may include all of the following, except
*A. unnecessary use of maps, newspapers, television programs, or U.N. materials.*
B. traditional practices.
C. developmentally appropriate practices.
D. creative use of technology.
With respect to the place of content knowledge in a global classroom, which of the following is not the case?
A. Traditional content areas are broadened.
*B. Lessons and units are contained within the traditional disciplines.*
C. Content from international organizations and associations is integrated.
D. Materials from international databases may be utilized.
According to Hanvey, teaching from a global perspective
can be integrated across the curriculum
Which of the following is not an example of internationalizing the disciplines?
A. including world literature in reading and language arts
B. including the study of the natural environment and ecology in science
*C. including the American view of the Revolutionary War in history*
D. including the study of metrics in math
Globalization has its own dominant culture that tends to create a homogenizing set of circumstances.
TRUE
One of the "balances" that must be taken into consideration when thinking about new global realities is that individuals have achieved more power through technology.
TRUE
The National Council for the Social Studies statement on global perspectives emphasizes that human beings must continue to rule over nature.
FALSE
As children progress from the preoperational stage to concrete operations they begin a process of "decentering," and accommodation of alternative points of view.
TRUE
One characteristic of Hanvey's element of a global perspective called perspective consciousness is that individuals come to realize that their own view of the world is not universally shared.
TRUE
The study of population growth, birth and death rates, and migration patterns is not really necessary to understand the state of the planet.
FALSE
Traditional pedagogical practices, such as lecturing and questioning, still have a role to play in a global classroom.
TRUE
A large-scale infusion of a global perspective is less desirable than a global education program restricted to social studies.
FALSE
The use of traditional assessment methods is banned in an effective global classroom.
FALSE
A very important ethical issue with respect to global perspective is attention to the fair allocation of available resources for all students in the school.
TRUE
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a learning-community classroom aimed at fostering democratic citizenship?
A. active student participation
B. a "community" orientation
*C. desks bolted to the floor*
D. "purposeful" clutter
Which of the following is a contemporary version of Plato's dialectical method of teaching?
interactive teaching and learning
A central idea of the learning-community classroom is that
everyone in the classroom is both a teacher and a learner.
One of the differences between traditional classrooms and classrooms that are learning communities is that in learning-community classrooms
content-area knowledge is sometimes acquired as it is necessary to accomplish other goals.
According to Berger and Berger, language can be called
the first institution encountered by the child
Accents differ from standard language
in the way words are pronounced
Black English (Ebonics) can be best described as
a dialect of English
The term bidialectalism refers to
the ability to speak two or more dialects and to switch back and forth easily.
Nonverbal communication behaviors account for which of the following percentages of the messages we send and receive?
more than 75% and up to 90%
Proxemics, or "social space," is the study of
comfortable distance between speakers when they are communicating with one another
Keelia, who is field independent, has the ability to
easily perceive discrete parts
The study of learning style emerged from the work of psychologists interested in
perception and other forms of cognition
Which of the following court cases set the precedent for bilingual education?
Lau v. Nichols
Which of the following most accurately describes arguments about bilingual education in the United States?
They are based largely on issues of social cohesion
All of the following are stages of second language acquisition, except
A. silent receptive or reproduction stage.
B. early production stage.
*C. speech introduction stage.*
D. intermediate language proficiency stage.
It is not the case that everyone participates in the activity-oriented environment of a learning community.
FALSE
In a learning-community classroom, disciplinary knowledge is sometimes learned as an end in itself and sometimes learned as a means to another end.
TRUE
It is true that language is introduced to a child in the family, but it is not true that this language structures the child's environment very much.
FALSE
Within any language, the meaning of elements (e.g., vocabulary, syntax, etc.) may vary widely.
TRUE
Standard English is one of many dialects of English.
TRUE
Although American Sign Language (ASL) is widely used, it is not considered an official language.
FALSE
One significance of the research on multiple intelligences is that teachers will need to learn to teach each student in his or her own preferred intelligence mode.
FALSE
Bilingual education is not new, but rather has its roots in the nineteenth century.
TRUE
In Lau vs. Nichols, the Supreme Court ruled that school districts must take affirmative steps to rectify English language deficiencies in students.
TRUE
The affirmative vote on Proposition 227 in California requires teachers to teach LEP students in classrooms where the students' native language is spoken.
FALSE
A good reason to include the study of religions in school is that
religious references and allusions permeate our lives.
The prohibition clause of the First Amendment specifies that
Congress will make no laws prohibiting the free exercise of religion.
All universal definitions of religion appear to refer in some way to
A. concepts of a deity.
B. shared values and an orientation toward the sacred.
C. a sense of community.
*D. All of these answers are correct.*
The basic beliefs and structure of American schooling are derived in part from
the values of New England Protestantism
The widespread use of McGuffy Readers in schools across the nation in the 19th century is an example of
the integration of Protestant values into public schools
The second wave of Muslim immigrants to the United States included primarily
educated professionals
Sensitivity to potential (and sometimes immediate) conflicts among students of different religious backgrounds requires that teachers
adopt the role of interpreter and mediator
Since the controversy and court decisions about school prayer in 1963, most school people have dealt with religious issues by
trying to avoid them altogether
Assessment in a religiously sensitive classroom should be attentive to
A. avoiding test questions that present a single view as truth.
B. avoiding question content that is biased toward a single view.
C. knowledge attainment rather than belief.
*D. All of the answers are correct.*
Much of the difficulty in sorting out religious controversies with respect to the schools has been generated around different interpretations of
the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
Freeman Butts categorizes controversy about the role of religion in schooling in two broad categories. These are
the role of schooling in protecting private and public freedoms
Concrete examples of schooling issues with respect to religious pluralism are
A. compulsory attendance.
B. prayer in schools.
C. the use of public funds to support private religious education.
*D. All of the answers are correct.*
The argument that pledging allegiance to the flag is contrary to some religious beliefs is based on the idea that
the flag is an "image" and cannot be worshipped
The Supreme Court decision in Abington v. Schempp requires that
students may not be required to participate in sectarian prayers
Legislation such as the National Defense Act of 1958 and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 all provided
public financial support for aspects of private schooling
The establishment clause of the First Amendment prohibits laws regarding the free practice of religion.
FALSE
Theological points of view, knowledge of scriptures, and consequences of "falling away" from the faith are all aspects of universal definitions of religion.
FALSE
The belief that human begins are destined to rule over the natural world has its roots in the Judeo-Christian tradition.
TRUE
The religion of Islam was introduced into the United States only in the last 50 years.
FALSE
In the Abington v. Schempp decision, the Supreme Court held that education cannot be complete without a study of comparative religion or the history of religious movements.
TRUE
The Fourth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution have been the source of much religious controversy in the United States.
FALSE
In Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925), the Supreme Court ruled that attendance at private religious schools did not satisfy the requirement of compulsory attendance.
FALSE
Today, the debate about tax support for parochial education centers of efforts to provide competition to the public education system.
TRUE
Early African-American interpretation and utilization of Protestant Christian scriptures and music produced a unique contribution to American religious and political life.
TRUE
The Protestant conservative, fundamentalist movement is the only such movement active in the world today.
FALSE
Considerable research on gender and learning has found that
girls appear to learn better in collaborative situations.
Competition has been used as a strategy in American classrooms in part because it
reinforces dominant values of hard work and individual achievement
Collaborative learning is about enhancing collaboration and
enhancing individual learning and skills
In collaborative classrooms, teaching
is often done in cooperation with other teachers.
Which of the following best describes the difference between sex and gender?
Sex is biologically based and gender is socially based
The term gender-role socialization can be defined as
the process of internalizing one's knowledge of gender roles
Many of the stereotypical traits associated with girls are found most often among
members of the white middle class
An important issue concerning the role of toys in sex role socialization is that
girls' and boys' toys often differ in complexity and variety
The sex role socialization of boys may be harder to change because
it is often harsher and begins earlier than it does for girls
The belief that girls are naturally passive, weak, illogical, indirect, gentle, and very emotional is an example of a
gender role stereotype
The term homophobia refers to
fear of homosexuality and homosexuals.
Misogyny and homophobia respectively mean
hatred of women and fear of homosexuality
Title IX, Education Amendments (1972) provides that
no person can be denied participation in federally funded educational activities on the basis of sex
The European American value of self-motivation and goal setting is sometimes not realized in the
girls are not so often encouraged to be adventurous and aggressive
Public awareness about homophobia has increased in recent years, largely due to
gay and lesbian activism
An important rationale for the use of a collaborative classroom is that since we live in an increasingly interdependent world, it is important that students be socialized to work cooperatively.
TRUE
It is not the case that in a collaborative classroom both competitive and collaborative approaches are useful.
FALSE
The term positive goal interdependence, when used in reference to cooperative learning, means that the group sinks or swims together.
TRUE
To ensure active cognitive processing of information is one of the goals of cooperative learning.
TRUE
It is not necessary that assessment techniques be compatible with instructional strategies.
FALSE
The rules associated with one's gender role are not universal, but vary by race, ethnicity, religion, etc.
TRUE
Sex bias refers to any action that denies opportunities, privileges, or rewards on the basis of sex.
FALSE
The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988 upheld the 1984 Supreme Court decision in Grove City v. Bell, which excluded from compliance with Title IX any school that did not receive direct federal funding.
FALSE
Cognitive knowledge about homosexuality is quite often enough to reduce the incidence of homophobia.
FALSE
Hostility and violence are more often directed toward gay men, while losing jobs or being evicted is more likely the experience of lesbians
TRUE
Developmentally appropriate practices result from educational decisions based on
A. knowledge about child development and learning.
B. knowledge about the strengths, interests, and needs of each child.
C. knowledge about the social and cultural contexts in which each child lives.
*D. All of the answers are correct.*
Publication of Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) was an outcome of efforts undertaken by the
National Association for Education of Young Children (NAEYC)
The guidelines for Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) are based, in part, on principles of
constructivism
Theories of human development that emphasize a fairly universal succession of stages are those of
Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson
Developmentally appropriate practice is effective
in teaching any students of any age group
The term cognitive structure refers to
concepts, ideas, and understandings that a child constructs
According to constructivist theory, motivation to learn emerges when
a child's cognitive structures are challenged
A term referring to perspectives on children's development that emphasize the importance of cultural influences is
social constructivism
Which of the following constitute aspects of child-centered instruction?
A. use of small group organization
B. use of activity centers
C. provision for student choice
*D. All of the answers are correct.*
In a constructivist approach to teaching, a major role for the teacher is to
support children's exploration.
In a developmentally appropriate classroom, the teacher assumes that
during any particular lesson or activity, students may be learning different things
Developmentally appropriate assessment focuses on
observation of children in natural activity contexts.
In the context of human development, "sensitive periods" or "critical periods" are
points in the course of development when certain kinds of learning occur most readily
The Montessori approach suggests that classrooms for students of any age should be designed
for discovery and activity as teachers model and monitor
The term developmental domain refers to
aspects of development that progress more or less at the same time
Knowledge about the sociocultural background of students is not necessary for those who wish to teach in a developmentally appropriate way.
FALSE
According to critics, economic goals for schooling place enormous pressures on young children to acquire more and more cognitive knowledge.
TRUE
The theories of Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson support a developmental perspective that is a universal one.
TRUE
According to constructivist theory, the "knower" constructs knowledge after assimilating a new mental structure that will accommodate it.
FALSE
The constructivist view of readiness differs from the traditional view in that it emphasizes that readiness does not depend entirely on biological age.
TRUE
The Waldorf approach evolved from a school established in 1919 for children of workers in Stuttgart, Germany.
TRUE
The goal of teachers in a developmentally appropriate classroom is to make sure that students learn what they are supposed to learn.
FALSE
In developmentally appropriate classrooms, screening and assessment are excellent ways to decide who should be placed in the top reading group.
FALSE
Sensitive periods in human development are those times when a child (or a person) learns readily.
TRUE
Given all we have learned about human development, the nature vs. nurture debate will probably be finally resolved within the next two or three years.
FALSE
For students with disabilities, the term normalization means
students with disabilities should, as much as possible, participate in the experiences other students participate in.
The major legal basis for inclusive education for students with disabilities is found in
the principle of Least Restrictive Environment contained in P.L. 94-142.
The concept that students with disabilities should be allowed to attend schools and classes they would attend if they did not have disabilities is
often called "full inclusion."
All of the following are dimensions of disability under the IDEA guidelines, except
ethnic differences
In 1860, nearly two-thirds of all individuals in American almshouses were
children with disabilities
"Ungraded" classes in the common schools of the early twentieth century were forerunners of
classes for children with cognitive disabilities.
During the nineteenth century, special education services for children with disabilities were provided mainly in
residential facilities
Under Public Law 94-142 (amended in 1990 as P.L. 101-476, The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act),
all students with disabilities must be identified and provided with a Free Appropriate Public Education based on an Individual Education Program (IEP).
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-476. added two additional disability categories to those that were already in place. They are
autism and traumatic brain injury.
Which of the following is true of children with chronic illness?
Their need and eligibility for special education services depends on whether the condition adversely affects educational functioning.
In the context of special education services for students with disabilities, interdisciplinary means
integration of perspectives of all team members in meeting the needs of a student with disabilities
Under P.L. 94-142, amended in 1990 as P.L. 101-476, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, assessment to determine a child's eligibility must be
multifactored and nondiscriminatory.
Constructivist approaches are of particular importance in special education because
they provide a balance to medical and behavioral models
The largest classification of students eligible for special education services is
Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD).
All of the following elements of an inclusive classroom may require adaptation, except
schedule of the academic year
Over the past 175 years, the definition of who shall be educated has remained essentially the same.
FALSE
Normalization is the idea that the lives of exceptional individuals should be characterized, as much as possible, by the same kinds of experiences as those without disabilities.
TRUE
The Response to Intervention (RTI) approach is designed to address key concerns associated with past practices.
TRUE
Motor difficulties or problems with vitality are not categories defined as disabilities by IDEA.
FALSE
Horace Mann believed that the goal of education as preparation for citizenry applied to all children, even crippled ones.
TRUE
Early interest in, and efforts toward, special education for the gifted emerged in the 1920s.
TRUE
Subsequent amendments to P.L. 94-142 didn't change the laws very much but simply reauthorized funding for them.
FALSE
The team approach in which professionals integrate their perspectives in developing a unified plan for a child with disabilities is called an interdisciplinary team approach.
TRUE
The transdisciplinary team approach is more integrative than an interdisciplinary team approach.
TRUE
It is not necessary for teachers and parents to maintain a close relationship for successful inclusive teaching to take place.
FALSE
Which of the following is an argument utilized by proponents of standardized testing?
American education is too child-centered
All of the following are characteristics of demand model of assessment (as proposed by Kohn), except
A. students are perceived as workers who are obliged to do a better job.
B. students who do not succeed are said to have chosen not to study or not to have earned a given grade.
*C. teachers are perceived as fully responsible for student achievement.*
D. responsibility is removed from the teacher and attention is deflected away from the curriculum and the context in which learning is supposed to occur.
Which of the following is not a dimension of difference in the place of content knowledge when teaching children of different social class backgrounds?
A. emphasis on "advanced" versus "basic" skills
B. emphasis on conceptual understanding
*C. emphasis on getting good grades*
D. emphasis on "practical" or vocational knowledge
Which of the following is true of assessment when dealing with students from a wide variety of social class backgrounds?
Assessments should measure growth over time.
Which of the following seems to be the case in terms of American beliefs and behavior?
Americans believe they live in a classless society
Which of the following is not a social class marker in the United States?
A. family income
*B. ethnicity*
C. educational level of the head of the family
D. prestige of the neighborhood one lives in
The terms social class and social status can be defined in the following way:
social class is the hierarchical stratification of people in social groups; social status is similar, but less tied to wealth.
Which of the following is true with respect to the five social classes found in the United States?
The upper middle class consists of professionals, corporate managers, or leading scientists
The class occupied by those who work, but in minimum wage jobs with no benefits and low job security is called
the working poor
Which of the following is the case with respect to the relationship between social class and child-rearing practices?
Parents from different class backgrounds emphasize different values when raising their children.
Social status is usually defined as
a hierarchical position in society determined, not by income, but by prestige.
The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) requires public school districts to implement the following, except
A. measuring students' progress and reporting it in the Adequate Yearly Progress report.
B. making incremental achievements over the years.
C. employing only highly-qualified teachers.
*D. developing a plan to restructure when meeting the Adequate Yearly Progress.*
Most of the cases filed with respect to school funding are based on the idea that
the property tax as a method of funding schools is inequitable
Although the cases filed in the interest of changing the way we fund schools have had mixed results, some cases have had interesting and positive outcomes. One of these is
Rose v. Council for Better Education
Which of the following may give rise to potential ethical issues in assessment?
A. when subjectivity becomes bias
B. when labeling for special services results in an overrepresentation of a particular group of students
C. when assessments are made too quickly, on too little information
*D. All of the answers are correct.*
Accountability and the standards movement emerged after a large number of critical studies of schooling in the 1980s.
TRUE
Central to the idea of the Educate American Act of 1992 was the conviction that high standards of achievement should be set by the federal government.
FALSE
In the support model of assessment, teaching and learning become subject-centered.
FALSE
The federal role in educational accountability and standards has increased, with the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) of 2001.
TRUE
Students from different social class backgrounds quite often leave high school with similar educations.
FALSE
Assessments for students from different social class backgrounds should measure growth across time.
TRUE
In predominantly working-class schools, following directions often includes some figuring out, some choice, and some decision-making.
FALSE
In the demand (or expectation) model of assessment, the assumption is that students are workers who are obliged to work hard.
TRUE
Currently the top 10 percent of income earners in the United States own 70% of the wealth, and the wealthiest 1 percent own more than the bottom 95%.
TRUE
When teachers expect students to do poorly, and they, in fact, do well, the phenomenon is known as a self-fulfilling prophecy.
FALSE
