End of Course US History Vocabulary

individuals are free to produce and sell whatever products they wish

prohibited unfair practices by railroads such as charging higher rates for shorter routes

theory that the government should not interfere in the operation of the free market

inventor best known for his invention of the electric light bulb

process which made steel more affordable and profitable

made his fortune refining oil; founded standard oil

a company chartered by a state and recognized in law as a separate person

linked goods and services through technology and transportation making commerce more affordable

completed in 1869 at promontory point, Utah making it possible to travel by land to California

organized workers to act as a group as an individual to leverage for better working

hoped to create a single national union of skilled and unskilled workers, demanding an 8 hour work day, safety codes, better pay and organizing strikes to get companies to grant demands

used to move, clean or fix large machines since they were small enough to fit between the parts

theory that rich were obligated to help communicate by giving back in the form of libraries, school, universities but not giving directly to individuals

limited membership to crafts and skilled workers creating a federation of unions

sometimes used ruthless tactics to destroy completion and keep worker wages low

scottish immigrant made his fortune in steel making, known for gospel of wealth

founded afl in 1881

businessmen known for their positive contributions to the modern industrial economy

inventor known for the telephone and the company that later becomes at&t

act of charitable giving

complete control of a product service; the elimination of fair competition

designed to prevent companies from engaging in unfair practices that eliminated fair competition

economic philosophy based on the survival of the fittest

wrote how the other half lives describing the deplorable conditions of the cities

area of the country settled by farmers brought to the area from the east by the trans. rr

line between areas of settlement and those areas dominated by nature and native americans

in 1896 miners were attracted to the area by discovery of precious metals

made all indians citizens of the united states

single room apartments often without heating, lighting or sewage

corrupt city government officials promising to provided services and jobs in exchange for votes

primary reason for the growth in us cities by the early 1900s doubling the number of us cities with population in excess of 500,000

vast government center in new york city where most immigrants were processed in the us

movement by cowboys of cattle to rail stations in the north to connect to markets in the east

neighborhoods made up of people similar nationality, language and cultural characteristics

mostly from southern and eastern europe; mostly catholic and jewish

first federal law restricting asian immigration to the united states

war, famine, drought, economic opportunity, education

little big horn, wounded knee, sand creek massacre

divided reservation into individual plots, each family received 160 acres to farm hoping to establish pride in ownership

unofficial city organization designed to keep a party in power usually led by single boss

process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens who met certain requirements and paid a small fee

growth of large cities

most notorious political machine designed to keep democrats in control of new york city

learning to dress, speak and act like other americans

manipulated new york city politics for his own benefit

favoring native born americans over immigrants

required americans to pay an income tax

allows citizens to proposed laws directly on a ballot

aimed at correcting the political and social injustices resulting from industrilization

tax on imported goods

an all purpose community center for poor people living in crowded cities

reporters, writers, and social scientist exposed the abuses of industrial society and government corruption

a new national political party representing the common man farmers, industrial workers, and miners proposing a 8 hour workday, progressive income tax, government ownership of railroads, free silver

unlimited coinage of silver to increase money supply

prohibition of the sale, manufacture, transport of alcohol

progressive reformer known for establishing the hull house

social reformer that organized a national lynching crusade

government jobs given to supporters as reward for contribution to politicians

called for social reforms as a duty of christians to enhance the lives of the less fortunate

democratic candidate in the election of 1896 gained support of populist party for his cross og gold speech

protected consumers health and welfare by insuring quality products

muckraker that wrote of the abuses in the meat packing industry in the jungle

elected officials could be removed from office by special election

allows for the direct election of senators

teddy roosevelts progressive legislative program aimed at protecting the public health and and preventing false claims by business owners

government cannot deny the right to vote based on gender

direct result of the book the jungle

created government agency that controls monetary products

process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by their legislature

african american reformer that founded the naacp

progressive president known as the trust buster, identifying companies as good trusts and bad trusts

movement led mostly by women like francis Willard to eliminate alcohol

proposed that african americans achieve equality gradually through job training and education

democrat elected president in 1912 as a result of a split in the republican party

allowed voters to introduce bills directly to legislative

succeeded roosevelt as president, followed many of his trust busting policies

policy that prevented europeans from establishing colonies in western hemisphere

group of volunteers led by teddy roosevelt gained fame in the spanish american war

first governor of hawaii, led by a group of plantation owners to overthrow the queen

consists of a countrys policies toward other nations

sensationalized events in cuba by american newspapers eager for war with spain

owner of the new york world newspaper, literary award bares his name

letter written by spanish official claiming president mckinley was weak

famous turning point american victory in spanish american war

fought on two fronts, in the carribean and in the pacific against the spanish empire

argued that to achieve world power a country needed a powerful navy

mosquito born illness responsible for thousands of death in panama canal zone

president tafts foreign policy toward latin american advocating investment

mysteriously exploded in havana harbor

said hawaii should be led and controlled by hawaiians, later surrendered to americans

annexed territory under control of the united states

responsible for eliminating breeding areas for mosquitos thus helping to control the spread of yellow fever

completed in 1914 connecting the atlantic and the pacific oceans

asserted the united states right to intervene in cuban affairs at any time

gave equal trading rights to all countries in china

roosevelt boasted he would speak softly and carry a big stick

owner of competing new york newspaper responsible for sensationalizing reports from cuba in order to sell papers

leader of the american expeditionary force sent to mexico to hunt down famous mexican revolutionary pancho villa

us secretary of state responsible for opening trade with china in the open door policy

addition to the monroe doctrine stating the us would intervene in the affairs of carribbean nations as police presence if necessary

the policy or practice of extending a nations rule over other less powerful territories

leading opponent of the united states to become involved in the league of nations

assassinated by a serb national sarjevo

allowed national government to draft men to serve in war

policy of not taking sides in the conflict of europe

international peace keeping organization

german submarines

medal of honor recipient for heroism in ww1

fight on the french and germany boundary

new and strange method of fighting

germany promised not to sink and more ocean liners without prior warning or providing help to passengers

ended ww1 with provisions that were considered very harsh on germany and other defeated countries

considered a major turning point in ww1, germany was defeated

american fighting force in ww1 led by john j pershing

provision of the versailles treaty which made germany pay for damages caused during the war

secret message from german foreign minister to mexico, promising to return lost territories to mexico in exchange for alliance

made it a crime to criticize american involvement in european conflict

attempted to remain neutral, but eventually he was forced to ask congress for a declaration of war on europe

supreme court ruling limiting free speech when it poses a clear and present danger

british passenger ship was sunk by german submarine killing over 1000 people including 128 americans

proposed by wilson before the end of ww1 as the basis for the peace in europe include a plan for the league of nations

policy after ww1 of separating from affairs of other countries and turning their backs to europe

a political activist who emphasized racial pride and black nationalism. formed the universal negro improvement association

of 1921, 1924, and 1929 were designed to keep out immigrants from eastern and southern europe

became the first person to fly across the atlantic ocean in 1927

about two million african americans move out of the south to the northeast and midwestern united states in search of better opportunities

group of writers such as f scott fitzgerald, earnest hemmingway, sinclair lewis who rejected the idea of material wealth in favor of spirituality

engineer, entrepreneur introduced the assembly line production of automobiles

prohibits the sale, manufacture, and distribution of alcohol

elected president in 1920 enacted highest tariff in history, lowered taxes and restricted immigration

early aviation pioneer known for his design of the first seaplane giving birth to the us naval aviation

famous defense attorney; defending john t scopes in the monkey trial

in addition to fighting for womens rights, prison reform, and an 8 hour workday she was the most outspoken person voice in the temperance movement

government officials convicted of accepting bribes for leasing federal alnd to oil companies

granting women the right to vote

the purchase of any item in the hope of selling it later for a higher price

pseudo scientific belief that the human race could be improved by breeding

style many women adopted of shorter dresses shorter hair rejecting the more tradition fashion and lifestyle

campaign slogan placing emphasis on peacetime production and prosperity at home

pro business president known for saying the chief business of america is business

hoovers beliefs that americas greatness was made possible by the ideas of equal opportunity, free education, and a will to succeed

wave of panic and hysteria in america caused by a fear of communism and anarchy

courtroom battle over the teaching of modern scientific theories and the traditional religious beliefs

hostile group that was anti immigrant, anti chaotic, anti jewish, anti african american.

was referred to as the great experiment

an are in new york city where song writing and musical ideas mixed together to form popular american music

post ww1 time period known for isolationism and economic prosperity

famous african american poet known for expressing pride in his heritage and attacking racism

president seen as the villain at the start of the depression, blamed for continuing pro business policies and not doing enough to remedy the economic down turn

new optimism and growth of african american culture

fear of radical takeover resulted in the arrests of 4000 suspects and deportation of 600 others directed by the attorney general

wrote about the suffering of migrant families in the grapes of wrath

make shift shanty towns that appeared on the outskirts of towns during the depression

first female member of the us cabinet when she was appointed by the fdr as labor secretary

caused by over production, tariff barriers, speculation, shaky banking practices

series of droughts in the great plains area which created one of the worst natural disasters in us history

group of talented people from leading american universities that helped advise fdr on economic policy

gave jobs to young men, such as planting trees and cleaning up forests, lived in camps sent money home to family

elected president in 1932, increased government role in running the economy

provided safety net for workers with unemployment insurance , old age pensions , and insurance

fdrs plan for lifting the nation out of depression

famous lady, political activist, served as eyes and ears for her husband

recorded the misery of people in the depression through her photography

built 21 government dams along the Tennessee river to provide flood relief and electricity

created to watch over the stock market, prevent fraud and guard against another stock market crash

closing of all the banks until inspectors could determine that the bank was financially stable

october 29, 1929

pouring money into the economy to stimulate consumer buying therefore helping put people back to work

dr who wanted government to give all citizens 65 years and older a pension of 200 a month to help stimulate the economy

signs of leadership by president to speak directly to the american people on a weekly basis

goal of the new deal, relief, recovery, reform

fdr proposed to appoint additional justices for every justice over the age of 70, heavily criticized for the plan

lame duck states president will take office in January instead of march

the supreme court ruled that even in times of crisis congress could not grant the president more powers than those given in the constitution

asked businesses to voluntarily follow codes for wages, production and prices. declared unconstitutional

half a million mexican american workers were forcibly sent back to mexico

insured bank deposits to restore peoples confidence in the nations banks

used radio to criticize fdr policies as helping make rich richer and poor poorer, called for nationalizing banks and utilities

created to control the floe of currency in the market helping to reduce major swings in the inflation rate

paper money

former Louisiana governor and the us senator critical of fdr for not doing enough to help the poor

paid farmers for surplus crops and stored them in warehouses until prices recovered

helped the government raise needed funds for the war effort; also helped reduce inflation

group of american volunteer fighter pilots helped keep supply lines open in china

allowed for the us to sell, lease or lend war materials to any country deemed vital to the defense of the united states

the policy of giving in to satisfy the demand of potential enemy

regulated the amount of goods that consumers could obtain, therefore sharing in the sacrifices of war

considered a major turning point in the war in the pacific, putting the Japanese on the defensive and the us on the offensive

commanded the army invasion of africa and italy, led the third army unit through europe

require japanese americans to be relocated to intermittent camps

an all black fighter group in the air corps who provided escorts for pilots on bombing missions

invasion of normandy france in 1944

german fighting strategy also known as lightening war

was the attempted genocide of the jews during ww11 which led to the killing of over 6 million jews

Roosevelt army chief staff, helped build up and supply 8 million man army and helped oversee the project to build and atomic weapon

major turning point in the war in europe germany last offensive attack

led the first american army to advance through france

leader of the nazi party took power in germany and aimed to achieve german domination

us naval base in hawaii attacked by the japanese on dec 7 1941

a series of laws passed by congress to keep the country out of war

produced pro allied, anti axis, propaganda posters, movies, and radio programs to make citizens aware of how they could help the war effort

supreme allied commander responsible for the d day invasion

supreme court case ruled that the intermittent of the japanese americans was constitutional

japanese cities that were targeted for the dropping of the a bomb

demonstrated that leaders and individuals are responsible for their actions even in times of war

successful us war strategy in the pacific

black soldier awarded the medal of honor 40 years after his heoric service in ww11

were used to send messages in the military because language could not be deciphered

led us forces in the pacific gradually took control using the strategy of island hopping

filipino and us prisoners forced to march 60 miles through jungles without food and water

us president who made the decision to use the new atomic weapon on japan to prevent the loss of more american lives

americans grow their own vegetables and fruits in order to conserve the food supply

us navy admiral defeated the japanese at the battle of midway

imaginary wall seperating soviet satellite countries from the west

based on the concept of collective security with each member pledged to defend each other if attacked

led a communist revolution in china in 1949

massive aid program for war torn european countries

congressional committee questioned actors, directors, writers and others about their possible communists sympathies

designed to limit retaliation from an enemy for fear of nuclear attack

congressmen created fears of a communist conspiracy to overthrow the american government by infiltrating the us state department with spies

us would not attempt to overturn communism where it already existed, but they resolved not to allow it spread

us president offered military aid to greece and turkey when communist rebels threatened these two countries.

soviet union reacted to creation of western european alliances by unifying eastern european satellite countries

released in 1997 which confirmed the identities of several americans who had spied for the soviet union

communist north invaded the south, truman chose to aid the south to prevent the spread of communism, sometimes referred as the forgotten war

servicemens readjustment act, helped veterans with low interest home loans and money for college education

1957 the soviets launched the first man made satellite, marked the beginning of what becomes known as the space race

stalin ordered a blockade in 1947, the us organized a massive humanitarian relief effort to supply and feed the city

discovered the polio vaccine

the married couple was charged with selling national secrets to the soviet union, were convicted and executed

a confrontation between the free nations of the world and the communists nations of the world

continuing the policy of containment eisenhower agreed to send aid to any middle eastern country that needed to stop the spread communism

state department official accused of spying and found quilty of perjury by the huac

eisenhowers plan to connect the nation through a system of roadways, sparked the middle class move to the suburbs

beginning of a competition for weapons superiority after both the us and soviet launch nuclear weapons

agreed upon border between communists north korean and democratic south korea

federal employees were investigated for suspicious activities

international peace keeping organized designed to promote global justice and cooperation with member nation

organized and fought for migrant farm workers rights, many of whom were mexican american

southern christian leadership conference, founded in 1957 by southern ministers fighting for equal rights led by martin luther king jr

governor of arkansas that ordered national guard soldiers to block entrance of nine black students to central high school, later overuled by president eisenhower

led to the federal court ruling the segragation on city buses violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment

the court ruling that separate but equal was constitutional

refused to give up her seat on the bus in montgomery, local leaders organized a boycott in protest

king explained why african americans could no longer wait for equality

organized in 1963 to convince congress to pass civil rights legislation highlighted by famous i have a dream speech by martin luther king jr

alabama governor that blocked two african american students from attending the university of alabama

broke the color barrier in major league baseball playing for the brooklyn dodgers

prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, or ethnic origin in public places and in employment

attorney for naacp succesfully argued the brown v board of education case and would later become the first african american supreme court justice

activists used buses to protest segregation in interstate terminals

was leading black muslim who believed that equality may require the use of violence to be achieved

landmark court case ruled that segregated schools were inherently equal unequal ordered their integration with all deliberate speed

began in greensboros, north carolina when four students sat at a whites only lunch counter

forbid states from imposing a poll tax in order to vote in federal elections

federeal program designed to actively recruit minorities for employment

gave young african americans a greater voice in the civl rights movement, organized sit in demonstrations in the south

led the 13 month long boycott of public buses, successfully ending the citys segregated bus system

was a white christian preacher and outspoken opponet of segregation once paid to bail out martin luther king jr out of jail

group that believed that african american s should rely more on themselves by controlling their own communities and businesses

site of bombing which killed four young african american children and injured many more

name given to the nine black students that attempted to enroll in all white central high school in little rock arkansas

congress of racial equality used peacful confrontation to effect social change

belief that if government passed unjust laws people should oppose it with protests, boycotts and other nonviolent tactics

court case involving an african american student entering the university of texas school of law, court ruled that he should attend with white law students

southern laws that orevented blacks from sharing public facilities including theaters, beaches, restaurants, water fountains, or buses with whites

governor of georgia form 1967 to 1975, came to prominence as a staunch segregationist when he refused to serve black customers in his atlanta restaurant despite the civil rights act of 1964

period of the 1950s 1960s that addressed the unequal treatment of african americans and other minority groups

federal law suspended literacy test where they were used to prevent african americans from voting

protested against textbooks, tv shows and movies which showed anti american indian bias

required changes in school finance in texas to increase funding for students in poorer school districts

demanded equal oppurtunities and repayment for past oppression, claimed the right t carry weapons to protect black neighbourhoods

fear that if one southeast asian country were to fall to communism many others would follow

required companies to pay women the same wages as men for the same work

republican candidate for president in 1968 helped to revive conservatism at a time when most people were concerned about the direction of the country

president johnsons far reaching domestic programs aimed at ending poverty, improving healthcare, rebuilding inner cities and providing for equality

ruled that mexican americans, though not a separate race, were still entitled as a class to protection under the 14th amendment

court ruled that a women could end her pregnancy in the first three months based on her constitutional right to privacy

vietcong launch a massive attack on south vietnamese cities on the chinese new year

group of young writers that rebelled against johnson the authority to do whatever he deemed necessary in southeast asia

segregation of children of a group was illegal without a special state law requiring it

passed by congress giving president johnson the authority to do whatever he deemed necessary in southeast asia

lowered to voting age in all stares to 18 years

democrat elected president in 1960

awarded the congressional medal of honor in 1981 for his heroic actions during the vietnam war

mexican american artists painted murals in barrios throughout the southwest celebrating their history and cultural heritage

failed invasion of cuba by us backed rebels and supported by president kennedy

ruled that segregation of mexican american children was in illegal in texas

in her book the feminine mystique she argued that women were just as capable as men and such be be able to compete for the same job

president kennedys vice president will become the president after president kennedy is assassinated in nov 1963

the american public began to debt and dispute the facts being revealed by government officials about the war in vietnam

the nixon policy of gradually reducing the number of american troops on vietnam and returning control of the country back to the vietnamese

passed in 1972 which promoted gender equality by guaranteeing girls in school the same oppurtunities as boys

president nixons term used to describe the majority of americans who continued to support the war in vietnam but did not voice their opinion

sought to achieve economic and social equality for women

president kennedy discovered that soviet made missiles were being place in cuba

millions of young people were actively protesting the us involvement in vietnam

communist vietcong begin guerilla warfare in south vietnam in an attempt to unified north and south vietnam, american and us soldiers to support south vietnamese in april 1975 after the us had withdrawn its soldiers

saigon was overtaken by communists north vietnamese in april 1975 after the us had withdrawn its soliders

first american astronaut to orbit the earth in 1962

national orginization of women became the chief voice of the women movement

president bush sent troops to iraq after the leader saddam hussein invade kuwait

elected president in 1980 beginning a resurgence of conservatism

economic problem caused by inflation and stagnate economic growth

was created to protect the environment by setting air and water pollution standards

nixons policy of relaxing tensions between the us and soviet union limiting development of missile systems

founder of walmart, the worlds largest retailer

organization of petroleum exporting countries, designed to control the flow, production and distribution of oil throughout the world

elected president in 1976 struggled with economic problems and hostage crisis in iran

elected president in 1968 moved the nation to a more conservative direction, only president to resign from office

a group of men working for nixons re election campaign were caught breaking into the democratic part headquaters in washington dc

designed to protect the environment and animal species on the verge of extinction

carter negotiated peace between historic middle eastern enemies, egypt and israel

co founder of microsoft who realized the potential of the personal computer

made up of fundamentalists christians who favored socially conservation agenda

struck down a state law requiring amish children to attend school past 8th grade

economic policy of increasing supply and dropping prices which leads to consumer demand and increase employment

founder of one of the worlds largest cosmetic lines

north american free trade agreement which created a trade association with mexico and canada to stimulate the economies

first women appointed to the supreme court by ronald reagan in 1981

was a critic of the womens liberation movement claiming it would reduce the rights of wives and harm the american family

ronald reagans vice president was elected in 1988

first african american billionaire and founder of black entertainment tv

areas of the northeast and midwest with coal and iron resources

the us would try to roll back communism in the middle east and asia

appointed vice president by nixon and assumes presidency after nixon resigns from office

appointed by president clinton to head up a task force to investigate health care reforms

national riffle association became political when it endorsed ronald reagan as president

constitutional process of removing and elected official

founder of the largest hispanic advertising agency in the us

increase in military spending and research to show americas enemies that it would act to stop aggression

introduced as a program of conservative principles arguing that government was too big

sought to promote conservative policies and attempted to influence legislators to pass conservative legislation

strategic defense initiative using lasers to shoot down missiles in order to prevent a nuclear attack

rulled that students had the right to wear armbands to school to protest the vietnam war

former arkansas governor elected president in 1992 defeating george w h bush 2nd president to be impeached

general agreement on tariffs and trade found in 1947 to reduce tariff level on many good

in 1979 Iranian students seized the staff at the us embassy in tehran and held them hostage for more than a year

southwestern region of he united states experienced population growth as people left the rust belt in search of employment

former illinois senator first african american elected president in 2008

us invasion to topple feared dictator saddam hussein and prevent him from providing chemical and biological weapons to terroist groups

the study of polpulation

during bushs second term the worst financial crisis in the us since the great depression

government spent 700 billion dollars attempting to stimulate the economy by creating jobs and rebuilding infrastructure

information gathered about the production time of a worker and the data used to improve methods of production

former texas governor and the son of former president bush won the presidential election of 2000

targeted by terrorists on 9/11 because of its importance to the economic system of the us

landmark election for grassroots campaigning and use of social media

date that terrorists attacked the united states by flying hijacked planes into the world trade center and the pentagon killing thousands

allows people to use their own economic resources to produce goods and services for sale to others

costliest natural disaster in the recorded history of the us

first hispanic us supreme court justice and the third female justice to serve on the court

companies move production to countries with less regulations and cheap labor

clintons vice president democratic candidate in the election of 200 lost to bush

growth of technology to carry out logistical and mathematical functions

allows for the alteration of genetics to help find the cure for many diseases

terrorist organization responsible for the attacks on the wtc

is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, to aid in manufacturing, distribution and managing resources

just in time uses computers to track the exact time which parts are needed in the production process

leader of the al qaeda later assassinated by the us navy seals in pakisatn

military headquarters attacked by terrorist on 9/11

new cabinet level department created to keep the us secure from all threats

allowed the law enforcement officals to conduct sweeping searches and surveillance of suspected terrorists living in the us

group of islamic fundamentals in control of the afghanistan government

global war of those nations that harbored terrorists

failed to hold back surges caused by hurricane Katrina caused massive flooding

individuals that land on the shores of the us without officially entering the country.