History Unit 7

In Europe, the Crusades led to economic expansion; increased trade and use of money, which undermined serfdom and led to prosperity of northern Italian cities. They led to increased power of the monarchs, and, briefly, to increased power of the papacy. In the Middle East, Muslim regimes united to fight the invaders and, under Saladin, began to reunify the region.

It led to the call for help form the Byzantine emperor and thus to the Crusades.

A) Religious zeal B) Hope of winning wealth and land C) Escaping troubles at home D) Adventure E) Power F) Fame

Crusaders brought goods and ideas back with them, trade increased a money economy, began to undermine serfdom, and ships that had carried crusaders were available for trade and exploration

It was less unified than many of them and in some ways less advanced.

A people who had migrated from Central Asia to the Middle East, where they had converted to Islam and created an empire that included the Holy Land and most of the former Byzantine lands.

Their conflicts with the Byzantines prevented Christian pilgrims from traveling to the Holy Land.

Religious zeal, escaping troubles, adventure; for some knights, nobles, and monarchs they saw the hope of winning, wealth, land, power, and fame.

Atrocities on both sides; unresolved claims over the holy city of Jerusalem

Contact with goods and merchants from other lands; travel to other lands

They hated the idea and tried to drive the Muslims out

By the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

Their combined forces were finally successful in driving the Muslims from Spain and in bringing religious unity to Spain by persecuting and driving out non-Christians

claimed supremacy over all rulers

a series of wars form the 1000s through 1200s in which European Christians tried to win control of the Holy Land from Muslims

Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus had lived and preached

called for the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont

during the 1400s, the campaign by European Christians to drive the Muslims from preset-day Spain

monarchs of Spain who forced the Moors out of Spain with the Reconquista and instituted the Inquisition to drive out the remaining Moors and Jews

Learning - rise of universities, interest in ancient Greek and Muslim learning, scholasticism Literature - heroic epics, Dante's Divine Comedy, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales Art and Architecture - Gothic style, stained-glass, illuminated manuscripts, religious art, tapestries

They would encourage the spread of ideas and a blending of local cultures into a more general European culture

Aristotle taught that people should use reason to discover truth; the Church taught that faith and the Church were the final authority

People could understand the stories, whose heroes embodied their own ideals

The major architectural advance of the Middle Ages was the Gothic cathedral. Stained-glass windows, painting, and sculpture often had religious themes.

As some people became wealthy, they looked for opportunities for their children in government bureaucracies and the Church, which required education

Only a few did in convents and some private schools

Muslim scholars of the Middle East

Aristotle taught that people should use reason to discover truth; the Church taught that faith and the Church were the final authority.

Scholastics said that both faith and reason lead to the same truth

It did not fit with Church teachings and was therefore rejected

More people could read; audience wider than just the elite

It reflects the quest for religious understanding and the sense that life is a journey toward the afterlife, which is determined by people's actions.

a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy

combining of Jewish philosophers, Muslim philosophers, and Christian thought into one application; thus, one could reason through the answer

wrote Summa theological; he concluded that faith and reason exist in harmony

everyday culture of the people; may include language, architecture, etc.

wrote Divine Comedy; journey into hell and purgatory and concludes with a vision of heaven

English writer who wrote Canterbury Tales - describes a band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas Becket's tomb at Canterbury

replaced the heavy Romanesque churches; larger windows, spires and towers, thinner walls, stain class windows of intricate design

stone supports that stood outside the church

They caused widespread fear and disruption and began to change society. Medieval culture was beginning to break down, paving the way for the Renaissance and the modern world

What were three effects of the Black Death on late medieval Europe?

They weakened the Church's authority. The move of the papacy put the Church under French influence and having rival popes showed further disarray in the hierarchy of the Church.

France: created pride and national feeling, allowed French kings to expand their power England: power began to shift to Parliament, away from the monarchy

Some turned to magic and witchcraft, others to wild pleasure or self-punishment. People hid from their neighbors, fled cities, or blamed other, particularly the Jews

Huge death toll, breakdown of normal life, economic decline as production dropped, inflation, unemployment, riots, social unrest

It weakened Church authority since the Church could not prevent or even explain the plague and many Church officials had also died

The time when the papal court was in Avignon

How did the Church react to these challenges?

Why did the English win early victories Hundred Years' War?

The French regarded her as a martyr and sent by God to help them win; they fought to avenge her death

France had a growing sense of nationalism French kings were allowed to expand their power English kings were limited due to their need to have Parliament's approval for spending money Castles and armored knights were out due to new inventions of war Feudalism was doomed as kings saw the need for standing, paid armies and not vassals to wage war Signaled the beginning of the development of modern Europe

had intricate designs and miniature paintings of biblical scenes, etc

Bubonic Plague; killed one in three of all Europeans

an outbreak of rapid-spreading disease

rapid rise in prices

a split

used by English; vital weapon