Catastrophes are seen as the consequence of jeopardies on vulnerable countries. Hazards that occur in countries with low exposure do non ensue in a catastrophe.
Great harm, loss, devastation and desolation to life and belongings are the consequences of Disasters. The unmeasurable harm caused by catastrophe varies with the geographical location.
In the concerned countries catastrophes have the undermentioned effects:
It wholly upsets the normal twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life.
Detrimentally carry the exigency systems
Depending on the strength and badness of the catastrophe the normal demands and procedures are severely affected and deteriorated.
Catastrophes are the consequence of jeopardy on vulnerable or defenceless countries. Hazards that occur in countries with low exposure do non ensue in a catastrophe.
1.1.2 Types of Catastrophes:
Catastrophes can be classified as:
Natural catastrophe
Human-Made catastrophe
1 ) Natural Catastrophes:
Natural catastrophes are the consequence of biological, geological, seismal, hydrologic or meteoric conditions. They are a menace to, people, constructions and economic assets
Few illustrations are:
Earthquake
Cyclones
Hurricanes
Floods
Landslides
2 ) Human-Made Catastrophes:
Human-made catastrophes are Emergency state of affairss which are the consequences of calculated human actions. They involves state of affairss in which people suffers casualties, losingss of basic services and agencies of support.
Few illustrations are:
Oil Spill
An aeroplane clang
War
Civil discord
Major fire
1.1.3 Difference between EMERGENCY and DISASTER
state of affairss:
A state of affairs in which community is CAPABLE of get bying is EMERGENCY.
Emergency state of affairss are generated by a existent happening of events that require immediate attending of exigency resources.
A state of affairs in which community is INCAPABLE of get bying is DISASATER.
Catastrophe state of affairss are natural or human-caused events which causes terrible negative impact on community.
1.2 WHAT IS A HAZARD?
1.2.1 Definition:
Hazard is a opportunity or possibility of being injured or harmed.
OR
Hazard is the possibility of puting yourself unfastened to loss or bad luck.
Hazards can be classified into two Manners:
Dormant Mode
Active Mode
1 ) Dormant Mode:
The state of affairs that has the possible to be risky, but no people, or environment is presently affected by this.
For illustration:
An unstable hillside, has a potency for a landslide but there is nil below or on the hillside that could be affected.
2 ) Active Manner:
An incident in which jeopardy has really occurred, making an Emergency state of affairss or Catastrophes.
Categorization of Hazards:
Hazard can besides be classified as:
Natural Hazard
Man-made Hazard
Natural Hazard:
Definition:
These jeopardies are caused by a natural procedure.
Examples of some Natural jeopardies are:
1 ) Volcanic Volcanic eruptions:
Ashs and different toxic gases are expelled through vents from deep
inside the Earth
2 ) Droughts:
A portion of a land suffers from deficiency of rain during specific period of clip
which causes terrible harm to the harvests, dirt, animate beings and people besides.
3 ) Tsunami:
Very big moving ridges which caused by an Earthquake, Volcanic eruptions
knocks into a shore.
1.2.4 Man-made Hazard:
Definition:
These jeopardies are created by worlds.
Examples of some Man-made jeopardies are:
Global Heating:
Projected additions in the Earth 's ambiance 's mean temperature. In the twentieth century the Earth 's mean temperature rose about 0.6 degree Celsius.
Crime:
It is a sort of Sociological jeopardy. Crime is a breach of Torahs and regulations. For illustration Breach of contract.
Industrial Hazard:
It is a sort of Technological jeopardy. Industrial jeopardies frequently have an environmental impact. For illustration Bhopal Disaster ( worst industrial catastrophe to day of the month ) .
1.3 VULNERABILITY, CAPACITY AND RISK:
1.3.1 Vulnerability:
Definition:
Susceptibility of a individual, group or society to physical or emotional hurt.
OR
Person or group apt to injury.
Equally far as Hazards and Catastrophes are concern, the construct of Vulnerability is to associate the relationship that people have with their environment to societal forces and establishments and the cultural values that sustain them.
1.3.2 Capacity:
Definition:
Within a community all the available resources, that can cut down hazard degree and catastrophe effects.
Frequent term used in Disaster is 'Capacity constructing ' .
Capacity edifice is the attempts to develop human accomplishments within a community to cut down hazard degrees.
1.3.3 Hazard:
Definition:
Occurrence chance of a jeopardy that trigger a catastrophe with an unwanted result.
Hazard involves an exposure to a opportunity hurt or loss.
Risk by and large described in footings of chance.
Hazard can besides be defined as the chance of a loss, hazard depends on three elements:
Hazard
Vulnerability
Exposure
1.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE:
1.4.1 What is Disaster Management?
Main thought:
To forestall catastrophes wherever possible or to extenuate or decrease those catastrophes which are inevitable.
Through Public consciousness and Hazard direction catastrophes could be prevented or mitigated.
1.4.2 What is Disaster Management rhythm?
Definition:
Disaster Management Cycle is a rhythm which has stages to cut down or forestall catastrophes.
It is a cyclic procedure it means the terminal of one stage is the beginning of another stage, although following stage can be started before the completion of old stage.
Some times several stages are taking topographic point at the same time. During each stage, timely determination devising can consequences in greater readiness, better warnings, and forestall farther catastrophes.
The complete Disaster Management rhythm includes the defining of public policies and programs that addresses the causes of catastrophes and decreasing their effects on people, belongings and substructure.
1.5 PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Cycle:
Disaster Management Cycle has four stages:
Phase 1- Mitigation
Phase 2 - Readiness
Phase 3 - Response
Phase 4 - Recovery
1.5.1 Phase 1 - Extenuation:
1.5.1.1 Goal:
The Goal of Mitigation activities is to acquire rid of or cut down the catastrophe happening chance, or to extenuate the effects of ineluctable catastrophes.
Definition:
Extenuation refers to all actions taken before a catastrophe to minimise its impacts.
Examples:
Public instruction
Building codifications and districting
Extenuation includes:
Reviewing edifice codifications
Zoning and land-use direction
Implementing preventive wellness steps
There are two types of Mitigation activities:
Structural Extenuation: It refers to building undertakings to cut down economic and societal impacts.
Non-structural extenuation: They are the policies which raise consciousness of jeopardies. Non-structural extenuation activities besides encourage developments to decrease catastrophe impact.
Through Mitigation we can educate concerns and populace in order to cut down loss or hurt.
At place Mitigation activities:
In your place Strengthening vulnerable countries such as roof tops, exterior doors and Windowss.
In your place construct a safe room.
1.5.2 Phase 2 - Readiness:
1.5.2.1 Goal:
The end of Preparedness activities is: for any exigency state of affairs, achieve a satisfactory degree of preparedness through plans that support the proficient capacity of authorities.
1.5.2.2 Definition:
Readiness activities are the Plans/preparations made to salvage lives or belongings.
1.5.2.3 Preparedness includes:
Implementation/operation
Systems of early warning.
Readiness programs
Emergency exercisings
Emergency communicating systems
Public instruction
Through early warning systems people will respond suitably when any early warning is issued. Preparedness actions depend upon the incorporation of suited steps for development programs at national and regional degree.
To salvage lives and minimise catastrophe harm, persons, authorities and organisation develop programs and this all is done in Preparedness stage.
1.5.2.4 Disaster Preparedness and Disaster
Extenuation:
Catastrophe extenuation and Disaster Preparedness go manus in manus. To guarantee that bing substructure can defy the forces of catastrophe, catastrophe readiness includes execution of extenuation steps.
1.5.3 Phase 3 - Response:
1.5.3.1 Goal:
The end of Response is to give instant aid to keep life, better wellness and keep up the morale of affected population.
1.5.3.2 Disaster Response includes:
Helping refugees with conveyance.
Give impermanent shelter and nutrient.
Establish semi lasting colony in cantonments.
Repairing harm substructure.
The basic demands of people are more focussed in Response stage until lasting solutions can be found.
1.5.4 Phase 4 - Recovery:
1.5.4.1 Goal:
To assist people reconstructing their lives and substructure every bit shortly as possible.
1.5.4.2 Types of Recovery Activities:
Recovery activities can be:
Short term recovery activities
Long term recovery activities
Until all system return to normal or better, recovery activities continues.
1.5.4.3 Recovery activities in catastrophes include:
Constructing Temporary lodging.
Public information.
Educating public about Health and safety instruction.
Hiding plans for people.
Reconstruction
Economic impact surveies
From recovery to long-run sustainable development there should be smooth passage.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE AND
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:
1.6.1 Ems:
EMS is the acronym for Emergency Management System.
EMS can ease the effectual direction of Disasters.
Information Technology can better the system of Disaster Management and back up all the stages of the DMC ( Disaster Management Cycle )
1.6.2 PHASE I: Extenuation and Prevention:
To cut down the impact of catastrophes, effectual Disaster Management plays a cardinal function.
Disaster Management uses different effectual technological tools to assist the procedure of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation. For illustration:
Tracking system:
the lading of Hazard Management ( HAZMAT ) can be track by progress Vehicle-mounted hardware and when shipment transporting Hazardous stuffs deviates from its path centres of Disaster Management issues presentment to direction centres.
Inventory systems:
For any exigency state of affairss Inventory Systems ensures that the suffient supplies are available.
It monitors the stock list degrees of of import equipment and supplies and keep the record of of import supplies on regular footing in signifier of Databases.
Detection:
For observing and supervising the risky lading, Roadside Detectors are used. These Roadside sensors besides confirm that lading is non diverting for its path.
1.6.3 PHASE II: Readiness:
Preparedness trades with the development of programs before any exigency or black state of affairss.
Emergency direction system helps Phase II of DMC via technological services like:
Telemedicine:
It is a connexion between ambulances which are reacting and exigency medical installations available really near.
By utilizing telemedicine physicians can give advices to medical forces for the intervention of those patients who are on the manner to infirmary.
Advanced ACN:
Advanced ACN is the acronym for Advanced automated hit presentment.
They inform exigency forces through vehicle mounted detectors and wireless communicating about incidents like hits or clangs. They besides tell the incident 's exact location and features.
1.6.4 PHASE III and IV: Response and
Recovery:
To supply immediate aid or aid to the population affected by catastrophes is the Goal of Response Phase. While the Goal of Recovery Phase is the Restoration of people 's unrecorded every bit shortly as possible after the catastrophe or any exigency state of affairs.
Emergency direction System with the aid of Technology can assist the Response and Recovery phases through different systems and package like:
Scheduling and Coordination package:
In order to do the response procedure organized, structured and efficient complicated scheduling system can supervise and organize many response activities.
Early on Warning System:
In transit substructure a huge assortment of detectors are used which provide an early warning systems.
This early warning system used to observe large-scale catastrophes and exigencies and besides semisynthetic catastrophe or technological catastrophe.
Large-scale catastrophes include temblors, tsunamis etc and man-made or t echnological catastrophes include HAZMAT incidents, act of terrorist act, atomic power works accidents.
Response direction:
Emergency vehicle fleets can be track by Response direction by utilizing the engineering of Automated vehicle location ( AVL ) and bipartisan communicating between starters and exigency vehicles.
Chapter No:2
TYPES OF Catastrophe:
2.1 Introduction:
Harmonizing to [ 11 ] CRED ( Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster ) , Belgium, defines Disaster as:
`` A catastrophe is a state of affairs or event which overwhelms local capacity, asking a petition to a national or international degree for external aid ''
OR
Catastrophe is besides defined as 'Great harm, loss or devastation consequences from a sudden ruinous event ' .
Many [ 11 ] different types of events like conditions or Earth 's geology are represented by Disasters. There exist a close association between a catastrophe and utmost conditions events like cyclones, inundations, twisters etc. The database of catastrophe events are maintained by CRED. It maintained the catastrophe events from 1900 to show.
Possible causes of increase in catastrophes:
There [ 11 ] are many causes for addition in catastrophes but some common causes are as under:
Environmental alterations related to economic development may impact the potency for catastrophes.
Change of Global clime from the build-up of nursery gases may take to a greater frequence of utmost conditions events ( heat moving ridges ) in the hereafter, every bit good as sea degree rise. Several bing coastlines may be threatened in this event.
Industrialization without controls may increase the hazard for technological catastrophes.
Consumption of fossil fuels with industrialisation.
2.1.1 What are the Types of Disasters?
Catastrophes can [ 1 ] be loosely classified harmonizing to their:
Causes - Natural or Man-made catastrophe
Speed of onset - Sudden or Decelerate
Earthquakes, Cyclones, Tsunamis are the illustrations of Natural catastrophes. The two most
common illustrations of Man-made catastrophes are 'The Bhopal gas release ' and the 'Chernobyl atomic accident ' . Forest fires ( initiated by adult male ) may be another illustration.
There can be a sudden oncoming or slow oncoming of catastrophe. Sudden or Quick oncoming of catastrophe
agencies they can happen all of a sudden in clip and slow oncoming of catastrophe agencies they may
develop over a period of clip or bit by bit.
2.2 NATURAL DISASTES:
2.2.1 Definition:
Natural [ 1 ] catastrophe occurs of course in propinquity to, and present a menace to people, constructions or economic asserts. They are caused by biological, geological conditions or procedures in the natural environment for illustration cyclones, temblors, tsunamis, inundations etc. Few illustrations of Natural catastrophes are:
Earthquake
Tsunami
Flood
Cyclone
Now I will discourse above Natural catastrophes.
2.2.2 Earthquake:
Earthquake is the quiver of Earth 's surface due to belowground motions. Earthquakes besides called as shudder or earthquake. Sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust leads to a natural catastrophe called Earthquake. This sudden release of energy moving ridges are called as seismal moving ridges. Epicenter of temblor is called as the beginning point of these seismal moving ridges.
Among the most unpredictable natural catastrophes people can see, Earthquake is the 1. During temblors 10s of 1000s of people are put in danger.
Some International Statistics of Earthquake:
More than half a million deceases worldwide caused by Earthquake between 1999 and 2009.
Each twelvemonth more than one million Earthquakes occur worldwide.
Measurement of Earthquake:
To mensurate the size of an Earthquake there are many ways.
Some of these ways depend upon the damaged sum caused by the Earthquake and some depend upon seismal energy generated by the temblor.
To mensurate temblor there are two graduated tables which are really popular:
Seismograph
Richter graduated table
Seismograph:
Seismic moving ridges are generated by Earthquakes these moving ridges can be detected by a sensitive
instrument called Seismograph.
Nowadays Digital seismographs are high-technology seismographs which can enter land agitating over seismal amplitude and screens wide set of frequences that is why they are besides called as Broadband Seismograph.The survey of Seismograph is called as 'Seismology ' .
Richter graduated table:
Earthquake 's strength and magnitude can be represented by Richter graduated table.
If the strength of temblor is 3 on a Richter graduated table so that temblor is non harmful.
Highly harmful temblor has the reading of 7 or above on the Richter graduated table.
Presents modified versions of Richter graduated tables are used for temblor measuring throughout the universe. Richter graduated table is besides called as Richter magnitude graduated table because it measures the magnitude of temblor.
2.2.3 Tsunami:
Ocean [ 1 ] moving ridge generated by undersea temblor, powerful volcanic eruption or submerged landslide is called Tsunami. Tsunami [ 12 ] frequently generated by temblor in a subduction zone ( an country where an pelagic home base is being forced down into the mantle by home base tectonic forces ) . Tsunami besides called as seismal sea moving ridge. Sudden Large supplanting of H2O causes Tsunami. Tsunami travels at a great velocity across the unfastened ocean and builds into big deathly moving ridges in a shallow H2O of a shoreline. Tsunamis consist of multiple moving ridges with an highly low period and wavelength.
The [ 1 ] largest temblor event recorded in Samoa was on 26 June 1917, mensurating 8.3 on the Richter graduated table. The event originated in Tonga ( about 200km South of Apia ) and it triggered a tsunami of 4 to 8 meters runups in Satupaitea, Savaii. The tsunami arrived less than 10 ( 10 ) proceedingss from its point of beginning, intending it travelled at a velocity of more than 1,000km/hr. Hence, when an temblor occurs, you must listen to the tsunami warning, for illustration, people populating in low-lying coastal countries must relocate to higher and safer evidences instantly.
Tsunami velocity:
Tsunami in a Pacific ocean can go at velocities up to 450mph ( half of the velocity of sound ) . The tallness of Tsunami moving ridges are about 30 to 100 feets.
Damage caused by Tsunami:
Significant [ 13 ] sum of harm can be caused by Tsunamis. Entire coastal small towns can be destroyed by a individual Tsunami. It can take all the sand from the beach sand which took hundred of old ages to roll up.
Safety:
The attack [ 13 ] of Tsunami can be determined by many technological methods but
nature has its ain methods of warning people. If in a certain country the coastal H2O is abnormally high or low, so this is the warning for Tsunami.
2.2.4 Floods:
Flood occurs when [ 1 ] big sum of H2O flow from river or from broken pipe onto a antecedently dry country. The beginning of inundation can be really [ 11 ] quick or they may develop over a period of yearss or hebdomads following an drawn-out period of rain or speedy thaw of snow. Flash inundation have sudden oncoming. Drowning is the chief jeopardy from deluging. This is most common in brassy inundation. The common hazard factor for brassy inundation victims is driving in an car, many victims of brassy inundation drown within their vehicle.
Health concern from implosion therapy:
A longer [ 11 ] term wellness concern from implosion therapy is the development of disease from afloat sanitation Stationss. Large inundations pose a jeopardy to bing sanitation and imbibing H2O systems.
Importance of Implosion therapy:
For [ 1 ] local ecosystem, implosion therapy can be environmentally of import. For illustration some river inundations bring foods to dirty such as in Egypt where the one-year implosion therapy of the Nile River carries foods to otherwise dry land. Flood besides affect economic system.
How to extenuate impact of inundation:
pre-event [ 11 ] steps:
early warning for brassy inundation events
public instruction on inundation jeopardies like car drive
post-event steps:
keeping proper sanitation system
proper control of population
2.2.5 Cyclones:
Chapter no 3
THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT:
Introduction:
The Advanced Information Technology plays a great function in planning and execution of different steps for the decrease of jeopardies. The advanced information engineering includes:
Gilbert
Remote Feeling
Satellite Communication
Internet
The quality and analysis power of natural jeopardies can be update by Geographic Information System ( GIS ) . In the choice of extenuation steps GIS can direct development activities.
The designation of risky countries and before clip warning for many future catastrophes can be done by Remote Feeling
Communication orbiters contribute a batch to supply communicating in exigency state of affairss and timely alleviation steps.
For jeopardy decrease the add-on of infinite engineering inputs into monitoring of natural catastrophes and mechanisms of extenuation is really of import
3.2 WHAT IS EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT:
The direction of exigencies refering all jeopardies, including all activities and hazard direction steps related to bar and extenuation, readiness, response and recovery.
Emergency direction can reconstruct and reconstruct society back to functional degree in no clip after a catastrophe.
The basic intent of exigency direction is to:
1 ) Save as many lives as possible
2 ) To protect and continue the environment
3 ) To protect the economic system
3.2.1 Emergency Management System:
Definition:
It is a technological tool used to better and heighten the Emergency Disaster Management.
Emergency direction system can assist Disaster Management in several countries, such as:
Materials:
To guarantee that the warehouse is stock with all the points needed for national endurance in any catastrophe, before any abroad aid reaching.
Work force:
In first assistance and shelter direction train forces.
Emptying Plans:
Testing of General catastrophe and Evacuation program.
Communication:
To set up dependable Communication system.
Transportation system:
To set up effectual Transportation plans for illustration transit through air which facilitates the 'food bringing supplies ' procedure to the victims of affected countries which are cut-off from any vehicular traffic.
Examples of Emergency Management System at work:
Management of Hazardous Materials ( HAZMAT ) :
By agencies of Air, Sea and Land, EMS provides unafraid transit of unsafe and risky stuffs.
EMS uses particular devices for tracking the cargo of HAZMAT.
Emergency medical services:
EMS notifies the exigency forces with of import and valuable information on exigency incidents. For illustration EMS is equipped with machine-controlled hit presentment system to observe vehicle hit.
Recovery and Response:
EMS has efficient Detectors which can observe natural catastrophes and warn population before manus.
IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT, APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY:
Through Information Technology the agony of the catastrophe victims can be minimized.
There are several tools of Information Technology which are utile in the direction of any catastrophe.
In this Report I am concentrating the undermentioned Information Technology tools used in Disaster Management:
Geographic Information System ( GIS )
Remote Feeling
Global Positioning System ( GPS )
3.3.1 GIS in Disaster Management:
3.3.1.1 Introduction:
GIS is the acronym for 'Geographic Information System ' . For Disaster Management GIS can work in many ways, such as:
They are the sort of information system which are good capable of hive awaying, incorporating, analysing, redacting, sharing, and exposing the information which is geographically-referenced.
GIS can make the synergistic questions, edit informations and different maps and can easy show the concluding consequences of all these operations.
The quality and power of analysis of appraisals of natural jeopardies can be improved by GIS. In the choice of extenuation steps, exigency readiness and response action, GIS besides guide and help different development activities.
Applications of GIS:
For the undermentioned activities GIS applications are really utile.
Creation of hazard stock list map:
At all the territory and inter-municipal degrees, the developmental undertaking 's pre-feasibility survey can be really expeditiously done by GIS.
To locate of import installations:
Through GIS we can take information on physical locations of drains, shelters and other physical installations.
Management and Creation of associated Database:
Planners can do undertakings at feasibleness degree. These undertakings can used to do hazard maps for bing metropoliss, catastrophe readiness planning and alleviation activities after catastrophe.
Vulnerability appraisal:
To spread out Disaster Management organisations by making consciousness of catastrophe with authorities and populace is done by advanced and synergistic engineering tool GIS.
Emergency shelters and the usage of GIS:
Shelter [ 1 ] operators use GIS engineering to take the personal inside informations of individuals being housed at the shelters.
GIS engineering would besides give information to the shelter operators on the general make-up of the shelter like that how many kids, grownups, disable or any particular resident are in the shelter or demand shelter.
Relief Distribution and the usage of GIS:
GIS generate maps of the affected countries where clump of victims are located so with the aid of these maps 'food beads ' procedures will take topographic point. These maps will besides place the alone demands of individuals within these Bunches.
Vulnerable countries:
The countries which are prone to catastrophes are highlighted by GIS. This will assist the catastrophe directors to make be aftering before the happening of catastrophe and it besides facilitates the coordination of attempts during and after the event.
GIS Advantages:
There are more advantages of GIS than challenges. Some GIS advantages are as under:
It can [ 1 ] represent spacial information over a broad geographic country.
To take more elaborate position of contents GIS uses 3D artworks.
Integration of different information of geo-spatial can be facilitated by GIS. Information of geo-spatial includes maps, theoretical accounts and other signifiers of artworks.
GIS distributes updated informaton. It besides expeditiously analyzes, collects and manage that information.
For persons who wants to utilize GIS merely small tranning is required. This
characteristic of GIS makes it various and easy to utilize.
3.3.1.4 Challenges of utilizing GIS in Disaster Management:
GIS [ 1 ] can sometimes uncover personal and people-specific information which can significantly impact people 's life.
Form GIS information sometimes critical and difficult determinations have to be taken in the best involvement of affected people.
To acquire the end product which is meaningful and utile from the system, big sums of inputs are required.
GIS delayed the determination doing procedure during exigency because it require immense sum of information and huge sum of clip to analyse that information.
Disaster Management Cycle and GIS:
Planning:
To [ 1 ] recognize the demand for be aftering which is based on the present hazard is the most of import phase of DM. For frontward be aftering GIS plays a cardinal function. GIS provides a construction for catastrophe directors to see spacial informations by computing machine based maps.
Extenuation:
For structural and non-structural extenuation, GIS can play really of import function. Areas which are at hazard are spatially represented by GIS.
GIS besides identifies the hazard degree associated with peculiar jeopardy.
Catastrophe directors use GIS to find the degree of alleviative constructions that should be in topographic point given the exposure of an country or population.
Readiness:
GIS can play a critical function in the designation of resources and countries which are at hazard.
The nexus between spouses and critical bureaus is established by GIS and the usage of GIS in the constitution of that nexus will assist catastrophe directors to cognize the location of Stationss of relevant spouse bureaus.
In the context of Disaster Management, maps of GIS can supply information on the human resources nowadays in an Emergency Operation Centre every bit good as on the land forces such as security, wellness suppliers and other cardinal respondents. This is peculiarly utile since the engineering can assist with strategic arrangement of exigency forces where it matters most. Through GIS we can do certain that communicating webs and route substructure are capable of managing the effects of catastrophes
Response:
By utilizing GIS, users can take accurate and dependable information of the location of an exigency state of affairs from GIS and in this manner GIS can salvage tonss of clip needed to find the location of problem countries. Once the issues ( issues like paths to the country ) are known GIS can supply speedy response to affected countries.
To indicate out emptying paths and other emptying affairs in exigencies, GIS can be used as a floor usher.
Recovery:
GIS can supply a outline of what has been damaged, where, and the figure of individuals or establishments that were affected. To the recovery procedure this sort of information is rather utile.
Distant Sensing in Disaster
Management:
3.3.2.1 Introduction:
In Remote Sensing [ 1 ] a recording device ( which is non in physical contact with the object ) is used to acquire the information about an object or phenomenon, that entering device utilizations EMW ( Electronic Magnetic Waves ) radiations.
The Goal of EMW or Electromagnetic Waves is the transit of information and energy from one topographic point to another. Cellular webs, Microwave ovens and x-ray machines used EMW.
Distant Sensing include semisynthetic detectors, these detectors are attached to orbiters and aircrafts. Alternatively of sing a far off planet from Earth, the
feeling equipment is normally high above looking down at our 'distant '
planet - Earth. Distant in this context can intend merely a few hundred pess
operating expense or stat mis above the Earth 's surface
3.3.2.2 Applications of Remote Sensing:
Remote Sensing is one of the developed and successful tool in Disaster Management.
Some applications of Remote Sensing are as under:
By utilizing Remote Feeling the jeopardy and hazard mold of many catastrophes like
Tsunamis, hurricanes, temblors and disease pandemics can be done.
We can utilize Remote Sensing based early warning systems for many natural
catastrophes like Floods, Tsunamis, Earthquakes etc.
After catastrophe, harm appraisal can be done by Satellites and airborne detectors.
3.3.2.3 Remote Sensing Advantages:
The Advantages of Remote Sensing are as under:
The users of Remote Sensing do non hold to be in direct contact with the danger zones.
This engineering saves tonss of clip.
Remote Sensing engineering can gives the clear image of really big country of land.
It can easy observe characteristics at wavelengths which are even non seeable to bare oculus.
For frontward planning and Reconstruction of any affected country, Remote Sensing plays an of import function by giving clear and big image of those countries.
By utilizing Remote Feeling the reappearance of the same event in the hereafter can be prevented.
It can assist in harm appraisal monitoring.
We can routinely and on a regular basis obtain and enter information.
Categorization of Remote Sensing:
There are [ 1 ] three parts of Wavelength in Remote Sensing:
Brooding infrared and Visible Remote Sensing
Thermal infrared Remote Feeling
Microwave Remote Feeling
Brief description of the above wavelength categorization for Remote Sensing is given below:
Brooding infrared and Visible Remote Detection:
Everyday visible radiation and infrared optical masers are the most common applications of the reflective infrared and seeable Remote Feeling with wavelength scope of 0.4 to 0.8 microns.
For the comparing of before and after events of catastrophe we can utilize seeable Remote Sensing.
Thermal infrared Remote Sensing:
We can image temperature differences by utilizing infrared detectors. Temperature differences like thermic pollution in rivers or temperature differences near any vent can easy represented by utilizing infrared detectors.
Infrared detectors developed a fact that all objects emits Electromagnetic Radiation, these Electromagnetic Radiation are called as 'blackbody radiation ' .
These black body radiation has a peculiar wavelength which is relative to the temperature of the surface of an object.
We can besides see the peculiar portion of electromagnetic spectrum ( EM spectrum are the series of electromagnetic moving ridges with peculiar wavelength ) by utilizing infrared detectors.
Microwave Remote Sensing:
The other type of Remote Sensing is the 'Microwave Remote Sensing ' . As the name implies, it uses microwaves for Remote Sensing and these moving ridges are non merely less affected by atmospheric conditions but besides they can image beneath or through objects.
There are two board classs of Remote Sensing:
Passive Remote Sensing
Active Remote Sensing
Descriptions of these two classs are as under:
Passive Remote Detection:
This sort of Remote Sensing uses detectors. These detectors detect the reflected or emitted Electromagnetic Radiations from natural beginnings for illustration Sunlight.
Active Remote Detection:
The detectors used in Active Remote Sensing detect reflected responses from objects that are irradiated from unnaturally generated energy beginnings for illustration Radars or sonar devices used by ships and imaging systems.
Challenges of utilizing Remote Detection:
Challenges for utilizing Remote Feeling are as under:
To construct and run Remote Sensing system is non cost effectual.
Activities which are little sized are hard to sketch on Remote Sensing imagination.
Expert accomplishments may necessitate to construe the informations obtained from Remote Sensing.
Resolution is frequently harsh.
Particular Detectors with really high spacial declaration are required for parts which are little size.
Disaster Management and Remote Sensing:
Professionals [ 2 ] for Disaster Management can utilize Distant Feeling to do the effectual undertaking be aftering really much possible and more accurate now so of all time earlier.
The purpose of experts in Disaster Management is to supervise the state of affairs, imitate the complicated natural phenomenon every bit accurately as possible so as to propose better eventuality programs and fix spacial databases.
Proper Disaster Management which includes catastrophe bars, catastrophe readiness and speedy and sufficient catastrophe alleviation can sufficiently cut down the impact of natural catastrophes.
States which have more beforehand warning systems and edifice codifications can make successful remote detection of the Earth to foretell the happening of black phenomena and to warn people on clip.
With the addition of natural catastrophes and semisynthetic catastrophes it is necessary to utilize technological progresss to decrease the effects of catastrophes.
Distant Sensing can be really utile to extenuate the effects of Natural Disasters like Earthquakes, Flooding, Hurricanes, Volcanic eruption and Landsliding.
Remote Sensing and Earthquake:
We can utilize Remote Sensing Technology ( RCT ) for seismal hazard extenuation intent. Remote Feeling like Satellite imagination can be used for temblor readiness. On good declaration orbiter imagination, Active mistakes and Structures associated with temblors can be good identified. Structural and non-structural jeopardies can be identified and minimized by utilizing distant feeling engineering. For illustration by utilizing LandSat imagination tool we can place and minimise the effects of Structural and Non-structural jeopardies.
States which are more prone to temblor usage Satellite Remote Sensing Technology ( RST ) for early seismal warning.
The quality [ 1 ] of assistance that can be provided after an temblor can be well improved by utilizing Remote Sensing. After major temblor has taken topographic point the hunt and deliverance activities are best affected by distant detection.
Distant detection can besides used for making deep hunts in the countries which have considerable sum of dust and collapsed constructions.
Recent Development:
Nowadays Airborne and Satellite RSTs can be used for garnering damaged information
Remote Sensing and Volcanic Volcanic eruptions:
Around [ 2 ] the Earth there are 500 active vents and by utilizing distant feeling we can make seismal monitoring of these vents. Through distant feeling Catastrophe directors can continuously supervise the volcanic activities by making limited field work.
Remote feeling besides enables vulcanologists to significantly cut down the sum of field work and saves attempts and money.
Remote Sensing and Flooding:
The Second most [ 2 ] common and widespread natural catastrophe is Flood.
For [ 3 ] inundation monitoring remote detection has become the cardinal tool in recent old ages.
Catastrophe directors can place inundation planes and countries which are prone to deluge on a remotely perceived imagination.
Remotely sensed imagination generates images which help professional in mapping the high and low hazard countries and in measuring the amendss to the belongingss in inundation affected part.
In flood direction remotely sensed informations can be used to calculate inundations and this will mitigates future amendss.
Distant feeling allow [ 1 ] users to see what is taking topographic point in affected countries, without endangering their safety, since they will non really be on the site.
By utilizing distant feeling engineering we can foreground characteristics of the geographics that make the community susceptible to the jeopardy. Using distant feeling Response workers can garner of import information for making deliverance and alleviation attempts without physically being present at the site.
Remote Sensing and Hurricanes:
Disaster [ 1 ] directors uses Remote feeling for hurricane prediction which will assist them to gauge the likely figure of storms for a given old ages, strength and possible degree of devastation.
Remote detection is utile in any phase of the hurricane in extenuating the deathly effects of hurricanes.
Remote [ 1 ] feeling can let contrivers to determine informations about the characteristics of water partings to include drainage and denseness. Once obtained, this is utile information as it provides information on the capacity of the watershed to cover with the volume of water-flow that could ensue from rains associated with the storm.
Distant detection can supply good declaration spacial informations on hurricanes which can gives wealth [ 4 ] of information for appraisal, analysis and monitoring natural catastrophes like Hurricane, Tornados and Cyclone harm from little to big parts around the Earth.
After the Hurricane experts can supervise the recovery advancement and find the alteration in landscape by utilizing distant detection.
Remote feeling saves tonss of clip in a manner that it will let experts to analyze larger land mass in no clip.
Coastal implosion therapy and storm rushs which consequences in hurricanes can be better mapped utilizing distant detection. Catastrophe directors, Emergency direction and community contrivers can be better prepare for hurricane impacts on their parts by utilizing the tools of distant detection.
Remote detection and Landsliding:
Landslide [ 1 ] can happen independently or with other jeopardies like temblor, deluging etc.
Using distant feeling engineering in landsliding catastrophe directors are better able to prioritise and aim extenuation and readiness activities for their country.
Once [ 1 ] major parts of land displacement out of topographic point, entree to and general visibleness of the affected
country is normally badly restricted. Remotely perceived images under these conditions are utile tools in helping contrivers. It presents a image of what has taken topographic point, and AIDSs in the determination doing procedure sing the hereafter of the affected country.
Where appraisal of an country is limited due to debris and mudflow from a
landslide, remote feeling could perforate heavy countries to supply critical
information.
On [ 5 ] local and regional graduated tables remote feeling can greatly assist in probes of landslides.
For landslide probe remote feeling can be used in two phases:
landslides sensing and categorization
monitoring activity of bing landslides
Distant detection can assist greatly in foretelling future landslide happenings and this is of import for those who reside near unstable incline.
Global Positioning System ( GPS ) in Disaster Management:
3.3.3.1 Introduction:
GPS [ 1 ] or Global Positioning System refer to Global Navigation Satellite System or GNSS developed by Defense Department, America. Initially merely US military can utilize GPS but in 1980s it was extended for commercial and scientific universes.
For navigational and positioning GPS tool is widely used. GPS include pilotage on land, in air and on sea. [ 5 ] By utilizing GPS engineering tool we can observe first phase catastrophe and suggest extenuation steps. In Landsliding Boundary of landslide country can be determine by GPS.
Space section of GPS has 24 well-spaced orbiter groups ; these 24 orbiter groups orbit the Earth two clip per twenty-four hours and let people with land receiving systems to indicate out their exact location on Earth with high truth.
Due to the low cost of GPS receiving system it is used globally. Receivers or devices have GPS equipment receives transmittal from at least few of the orbiters and can able to separate really precise placement informations ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-gps.htm )
In Earth [ 6 ] scientific disciplines GPS plays an of import function. For conditions prediction and planetary clime surveies meteorologists utilizations GPS. During and between temblors the tectonic gestures can be measured by GPS.
3.3.3.2 Applications of GPS to Disaster Management:
There is [ 5 ] no limitation of conditions for utilizing GPS, it can be used anyplace any clip and this makes GPS really utile in catastrophes. It has a dependable degree of preciseness.
During exigency state of affairss GPS incorporated with GIS to cover real-time activity. In all stages of Disaster direction Cycle GPS is really utile and plays a critical function.
In Emergency Disaster Management GPS plays an of import function by tracking exigency vehicles and supplies. Emergency vehicles have GPS receiving system and location is overlayed onto a map. For precise [ 7 ] placement of the deliverance squads and vehicles during catastrophe GPS Stationss can be good utilised as a base Stationss.
Through [ 5 ] GPS experts can supervise the tallness of moving ridges. GPS units are fixed to buoys and the tallness of the units are can be determined to within centimeters any important alteration in moving ridge tallness or speed can trip an dismay for a tsunami or sea rush.
With the aid of GPS, vents can be monitored. Catastrophe directors can mensurate the distortion of the land by utilizing GPS and made decision about volcanic activity.
These GPS Stationss can be utilized as base Stationss for precise placement of deliverance squads and vehicles during the catastrophes.
3.3.3.3 Advantages of GPS:
The Advantages of [ 10 ] GPS are as under:
Structural jobs in edifices and route can be detected by GPS. It besides predicts catastrophes like Flooding, earthquakes etc.
GPS system in a auto or in a plane ensures that you will ne'er lost.
It streamlines supply ironss and truck motion. it can track goods at any point of clip and predict accurately when goods will make their finish.
Some [ 9 ] GPS systems allow you to seek the local country for nearby comfortss, such as hotels, eating houses and gas Stationss. This is highly helpful in some state of affairss.
GPS [ 9 ] devices are perfect for H2O pilotage. In state of affairss where underwater jeopardies are a job, GPS devices allow leghorns to maneuver around concealed dangers.
3.3.3.4 Disadvantages of GPS:
Besides tonss of advantages GPS have some of import disadvantages besides [ 5 ] . Some of these disadvantages are preciseness is affected by the figure of discernible orbiters present, the obstructor of the observation point, and the monitoring of installed GPS receiving systems which have been placed out in the field.
Obstacles like edifices and trees can debar the GPS signals and this will do your place on the GPS screen to be off by every bit much as 100 pess. Atmospheric conditions besides affect GPS truth.
GPS [ 9 ] signals are non wholly accurate. Obstacles like edifices and trees can debar the signal, doing your place on the GPS screen to be off by every bit much as 100 pess. Atmospheric conditions ( such as geomagnetic storms caused by solar activity ) may besides impact GPS truth
3.3.3.5 Disaster Management and GPS:
For catastrophe direction and extenuation GPS is one of the most of import developmental and planning tool. Catastrophes which are in their first phase can be easy detected by utilizing GPS tools.
GPS is besides an effectual tool for supervising natural catastrophes.
GPS and Earthquake:
The [ 6 ] size of an temblor can be measured by GPS and this is done by look intoing the entire distance that a station has moved in an temblor by comparing its place prior to the event with its place following the event.
Harmonizing to scientist there is a relationship exist between sum of supplanting caused by an temblor and magnitude of temblor. Scientist use this relationship to happen out the size of an temblor by utilizing technological tools of GPS.
GPS can [ 6 ] make really accurate measurings and due to this scientists can enter millimeter-scale faux pas on mistakes that can non normally be measured. GPS progress tools can be really utile in:
Emergency readiness and response betterment
Determining of aftershock hazard countries following major temblors
Prevent devastation of edifices, belongings and substructure
Provide better geophysical theoretical accounts.
GPS and Flooding:
For [ 7 ] natural catastrophe like Deluging GPS has the potency of making deliverance and relief operations during and after Flood.
The integrating of location based spacial function system: GIS, with GPS can straight give the map of the country being covered. The Video Mapping System, a digital picture camera straight linked to a GPS receiving system can give us the complete image of the part. This will let improved image reading, which is really utile for Flood jeopardy extenuation and direction.
GPS [ 8 ] engineering helps deluge field directors to:
Perform hazard appraisal and jeopardy designation
Take proactive steps to really cut down inundation hazards
Produce GPS Elevation Certificates which help place proprietors recognize their true inundation hazard and obtain best-value inundation insurance to cut down their fiscal
Vulnerability
Help speed up Federal catastrophe aid support when deluging really occurs.
