Motivation, Memory, Intelligence

1. ____________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage. a) Classical conditioning b) Operant conditioning c) Learning d) Memory

2. _____________ is retention of memory for some period of time. a) Encoding b) Storage c) Retrieval d) Evaluation

3. Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!). Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth but time is up. As Janie is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers that fifth point but it is too late. Janie had a problem with a) encoding. b) storage. c) retrieval. d) evaluation.

4. The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of the ____________ model of memory. a) Information-processing b) levels-of-processing c) parallel distributed processing

5. The "levels-of-processing" concept of Craik and Lockhart would suggests that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word "frog"? a) "Does it rhyme with blog?" b) "Is it in capital letters?" c) "Is it written in cursive?" d) "Would it be found in a pond?"

6. In the parallel distributed processing model of memory, a) information is simultaneously stored across a network that stretches across the brain. b) information is stored simultaneously in unconnected regions of the brain. c) information is associated in sets of classically conditioned neurons across the neocortex. d) None of these are correct.

7. The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are a) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. b) CS, UCS, UR, CR. c) encoding, storage, retrieval. d) shallow, medium, deep processing.

8. Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment? a) primary memory b) sensory memory c) long-term memory d) short-term memory

9. Your friend asks you a question, and just as you say "What?" you realize what the person said. Which part of your memory was maintaining your friend's words? a) iconic sensory memory b) echoic sensory memory c) short-term memory d) long-term memory

10. Someone a short distance away, to whom you have been paying no attention, quietly speaks your name, and suddenly you are attending to that conversation. This is an example of ______. a) Broadbent's process of selective memory b) the Phi phenomenon c) the cocktail party phenomenon d) cue-controlled inhibition

11. ______ is synonymous with short-term memory. a) Shadow memory b) Working memory c) Secondary memory d) Sensory registers

12. Your professor asks you to get up in front of the class and repeat a long list of numbers that she reads to you. If you are not given a chance to repeat the numbers to yourself as she reads them, what is the longest list of numbers you will most likely to be able to remember? a) 2 b) 7 c) 12 d) 25

13. You try to remember a phone number by repeating it over and over to yourself. What type of rehearsal are you using? a) condensed b) permanent c) elaborative d) maintenance

14. Of the following, which is the most similar to the concept of long-term memory? a) a revolving door b) a filing cabinet c) a desk top d) a computer keyboard

15. Long-term memories are encoded in terms of a) sounds. b) visual images. c) meanings of words and concepts. d) all of the above.

16. Procedural memories are to __________ memories as declarative memories are to ________ memories. a) implicit; explicit b) explicit; implicit c) general knowledge; personal facts d) personal facts; general knowledge

17. Which of the following types of LTM are forms of explicit memory? a) procedural b) semantic c) episodic d) both (b) and (c)

18. As a young child, you spent hours on your skateboard. After several years of not skating, you jump on your board as if you never missed a day. The long-term memory of how to skate is an example of what type of memory? a) explicit b) episodic c) semantic d) procedural

19. As you are skating down the street on your skateboard, you think back to the day you accidentally skated into a parked car and had to go the hospital to get stitches. The memory of this event would be described as a(n) __________________ memory. a) procedural b) implicit c) episodic d) semantic

20. According to the semantic network model, it would take more time to answer "true" to which sentence? a) "A salmon is an animal." b) "A salmon is a fish." c) "A canary is a bird." d) All of these would take the same time.

21. If memory was like the sea, we could say that ______ is long-term memory, ______ are the memories, and _______ are retrieval cues. a) the sea, fish, hooks b) a boat, worms, fish c) a boat, hooks, worms d) an island, worms, fishing poles

22. Which of the following concepts describes why it is best to take a test in the same room in which you learned the material? a) state-dependent learning b) encoding specificity c) tip of the tongue phenomenon d) cocktail party effect

23. While you were studying for your history final, you were very angry at your roommate for playing her music too loud. If you wanted to maximize your ability to remember the information on the final, what mood should you be in while you are taking the final? a) happy b) sad c) angry d) surprised

24. Under most circumstances, when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information, _______________ is an easier task than _______________. a) recognition; recall b) recall; recognition c) priming; the savings method d) the savings method; priming

25. When the sound of the word is the aspect that cannot be retrieved, leaving only the feeling of knowing the word without the ability to pronounce it, this is known as _________. a) encoding failure b) extinction of acoustic storage c) auditory decay d) the tip of the tongue effect

26. The test you are taking right now requires which type of memory retrieval process? a) recall b) recognition c) encoding d) echoic

27. False positives occur when a person incorrectly "matches" a stimulus that is merely similar to a real memory. One major problem with eyewitness testimony is that a) extinction of auditory memories causes the witness to forget what was said. b) witnesses are prone to habituate to the courtroom and forget what happened. c) false positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate. d) None of these are true.

28. Is eyewitness testimony usually accurate? a) Yes, because seeing is believing. b) No, because eyewitnesses are not usually honest. c) Yes, because eyewitnesses are very confident about their testimony. d) No, because there is a great possibility of a "false positive" identification.

29. For more than 30 years, the most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been ______. a) Broadbent b) Sperling c) Loftus d) Treisman

30. Flashbulb memories ______. a) are not subject to periodic revision b) usually concern events that are emotionally charged c) are almost always highly accurate d) usually concern events from early childhood

31. In this view, memories are literally "built" from the pieces stored away at encoding. This view is called ______________. a) constructive processing b) hindsight bias c) adaptation of memory traces d) flashbulb integration

32. Which of the following phenomena provides support for the concept that memories are reconstructed as they are retrieved or remembered? a) tip of the tongue b) hindsight bias c) cocktail party effect d) retrograde amnesia

33. Which of the following is an example of the misinformation effect? a) forgetting where you left your keys b) falsely remembering that a friend was wearing a jacket after being asked what color your friend's jacket was c) remembering a traumatic event from childhood d) telling someone a lie

34. Which of the following statements about hypnosis is NOT true? a) Subjects cannot always distinguish between memories which they have always had and new "memories" recently recovered under hypnosis. b) Hypnotic age regression appears to increase the accuracy of childhood recall. c) The impact of hypnosis on the reliability of later memory depends on the type of question asked. Open-ended questions cause less memory "contamination" than closed-ended, leading questions. d) Some pseudomemories (false memories) suggested by hypnosis do not persist after the hypnosis.

35. Which of the following techniques are used by therapists to implant a false memory? a) hypnosis, drugs, and suggestion b) partial reinforcement, rewards, and punishments c) presentations of images of the person's problems, presented in a subliminal fashion d) All of these are used.

36. Which of these is viewed as the major problem in the repressed-memory controversy? a) guaranteeing the right to sue alleged abusers b) therapists' unwillingness to help recover memories c) deliberate deception on the part of those who claim abuse d) distinguishing true repressed memories from false memories

37. Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten a) more rapidly as time goes by. b) gradually at first, then increasing in speed of forgetting. c) quickly at first, then tapering off gradually. d) most quickly one day after learning.

38. Retroactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when a) older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information. b) newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information. c) the information is not attended to and fails to be encoded. d) information that is not accessed decays from the storage system over time.

39. Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before history. When she gets to her history test, all she can remember is French! Shalissa's memory is suffering from _____________. a) cue-dependent forgetting b) proactive interference c) decay d) retroactive interference

40. In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer ______. a) pay attention to specific stimuli b) retrieve memories c) form new memories d) make sense of memories

41. The physical processes that occur when a memory is formed are called a) consolidation. b) actuation. c) potentiation. d) depolarization.

42. When a person's ____________is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia results. a) hippocampus b) prefrontal lobe c) amygdala d) cerebellum

43. Which of these is an example of what has been called infantile amnesia? a) At age 25 Betty can recall only good memories of what happened when she was 4 to 5 years old. b) When he is 10 years old John has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old. c) When faced with a horrible stressor, some people return to an earlier stage of development such as infancy for the comfort that it provides. d) Despite the fact that Alice began to learn how to play the violin when she was 3, she has very little skill now that she is in her 30s.

44. There currently is a cure for Alzheimer's disease. a) True. b) False.

1. Mental images _________. a) represent abstract ideas b) have a picture-like quality c) consist entirely of unconscious information d) are always prototypes

2. If three people used mental images to tell you how many windows they each had in their individual houses, which person would take the longest to answer? a) the person with two windows in his or her house b) the person with eight windows in his or her house c) the person with twelve windows in his or her house d) They would all take the same amount of time to answer.

3. Concepts are ideas that represent _____________. a) a class or category of objects, events, or activities b) thoughts, images, muscle patterns of behavior c) higher-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers d) none of these

4. A very general form of a concept, such as "vegetable" represents which concept level? a) subordinate b) superordinate c) basic level d) hyperordinate

5. The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as a) the use of a heuristic device. b) the use of algorithms. c) the mechanical solution. d) the A.I. Solution.

6. Zach could not remember the four-digit combination needed to open the lock on his bicycle. After struggling to figure out what to do, he turned to start the long walk home and all of a sudden he remembered the combination to the lock. The problem-solving strategy Zach used would be best described as a) trial-and-error. b) algorithm. c) a heuristic. d) insight.

7. Which of the following examples would qualify as artificial intelligence according to the definition given in the textbook? a) a "smart" toaster that pops up when the toast starts to burn b) a global positioning system installed in a car that can tell the driver exactly where she is located and how to get to her desired destination c) a door that automatically opens when someone steps in front of it d) a computerized black jack program that uses heuristics to attempt to beat its opponents

8. The tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past is known as a) mental set. b) confirmation bias. c) creativity. d) divergent thinking.

9. Luann needs to hammer a nail into the wall but the only tool she can find in the house is a screwdriver. Luann's inability to see how the handle of the screwdriver could be used as a hammer, best represents the concept of a) functional fixedness. b) confirmation bias. c) creativity. d) artificial bias.

10. The ability to produce solutions to problems that are unusual, inventive, novel, and appropriate is called ________________. a) creativity b) insight c) heuristics d) latent learning

11. Which of the following activities would NOT increase your creativity? a) keeping a journal b) brainstorming c) subject mapping d) convergent thinking

12. The ability to understand the world, think rationally or logically, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems, or the characteristics needed to succeed in one's culture is the psychologist's working definition of ____________. a) divergent problem solving b) creative thinking c) heuristic usage d) intelligence

13. Measuring intelligence by testing is a rather new concept in the history of the world. It is roughly_________________ years old. a) 50 b) 100 c) 200 d) 500

14. An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a mental age of ________ and an IQ of ________. a) eight; 80 b) eight; 125 c) ten; 100 d) ten; 125

15. Because of the need to measure the IQ of people of varying ages, newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on_____________. a) mental age alone b) deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution c) giving extra points for older folks to compensate for their slower processing times d) none of these

16. If a test consistently produces the same score when administered to the same person under identical conditions, that test can be said to be high in a) reliability. b) validity. c) accuracy. d) norms.

17. Denny has a flat upper lip, wide-set eyes, and problems with his heart in addition to being mildly retarded. Denny most likely suffers from a) Down syndrome. b) fetal alcohol syndrome. c) fragile X syndrome. d) cretinism.

18. Which two of the following aspects are included in the definition of developmental delay? a) IQ scores and adaptive behavior b) age and socioeconomic status c) race and country of origin d) Only IQ scores are considered.

19. Which of the following statements about the gifted is true? a) They are more likely to suffer from mental illnesses. b) They are physically weaker than nongifted persons. c) They are often skilled leaders. d) They are socially unskilled.

20. Which was NOT a finding of the Terman and Oden (1974) study of gifted kids? a) They were socially well adjusted. b) They were more resistant to mental illness. c) They were clearly much more likely to be females. d) They were average in weight, height, and physical attractiveness.

21. Sternberg has found that __________ intelligence is a good predictor of success in life, but has a low relationship to ___________ intelligence. a) practical; analytical b) practical; creative c) analytical; practical d) academic; creative

22. What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? a) global, intuitive, and special b) general, global, and specific c) analytical, creative, and practical d) mathematical, reasoning, and verbal

23. The "g" in Spearman's g factor of intelligence stands for a) gifted intelligence. b) general intelligence. c) graded intelligence. d) The g does not stand for anything.

24. If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores? a) fraternal twins b) identical twins c) brothers and sisters d) parents and children

25. If a researcher believed that nature was the most important factor in determining an individual's intelligence level, she would most closely agree with which of the following statements? a) Intelligence is largely inherited from your parents. b) Intelligence has no relationship to your biological family. c) The environment is the most important factor in determining a child's intelligence level. d) A child's intelligence can be greatly increased by providing stimulating toys throughout infancy.

26. Language, by definition, a) is symbolic. b) can be written, spoken, or signed. c) is capable of an infinite set of meaningful utterances. d) all of these

27. The basic units of sound are called a) morphemes. b) phonemes. c) semantics. d) syntax.

28. Syntax is a) a system of rules for combining words and phrases to form sentences. b) the smallest units of meaning within a language. c) the basic units of sound. d) the rules to determine the meaning of words.

29. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that ______. a) one's language determines the pattern of one's thinking and view of the world b) one's thinking and view of the world determines the structure of one's language c) we decide which objects belong to a concept according to what is most probable or sensible, given the facts at hand d) perception of surface structure precedes deep structure in understanding a sentence

30. Which theory would support the idea that certain concepts are shared by all people regardless of the language spoken? a) Sapir-Whorf hypothesis b) linguistic relativity hypothesis c) cognitive universalism d) heuristic theory

31. Dolphins, according to TV and movies, are very intelligent and have strong language abilities. They might even be able to talk! However, which statement is true from the research? a) Dolphins have been shown to master syntax. b) Dolphins have the language abilities of a 3-year-old. c) Dolphin communication with parrots has been firmly established. d) None of these are true.

32. You are worried about your aging parents. Perhaps they might develop senile dementia. Thus you suggest a) they stop reading as it will tire their brains out faster. b) they start a program of extreme physical exercise to push more blood through their brains. c) they need to start reading, doing puzzles, getting involved in a hobby, etc., to exercise their brains. d) Nothing will help - don't bother to suggest anything.