Psych101: Chapter 4 Learning

Changes such as an increase in height or the size of the brain are called

Which psychologist is best known for working with children and a Bobo doll to study whether aggressive behavior is learned by watching others be aggressive?

What are the two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of?

_____ is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

Which of the following is one of Bandura's elements of observational learning?

Pavlov initially set out to study his dogs'

Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as

In his classical conditioning experiment, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate when they

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called

It is believed that animals revert quickly to instinctual behaviors when the new tasks they are learning have a strong association with

_________ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

The law of effect states if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it is likely to

In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that didn't receive reinforcement for solving the maze had

In a(n) ________, the occurrence of reinforcement is more predictable and therefore the individual being reinforced is more likely to adjust his response to the timing of the reinforcement.

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is a/an

Birds, who find their food by sight, will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like the one that made them sick. This is a result of

In Seligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone

Further studies that followed Köhler's work with chimpanzees

The cognitive perspective of classical conditioning involves

In Köhler's experiment, Sultan the chimp first used just one stick that was lying in his cage to rake the banana into the cage, and then learned to fit two sticks together. This was an example of

A teacher has decided to give 'caught being good' tickets to her students when they behave according to class rules. This teacher also rewards students with gold stars each time they improve their math speed. This teacher is using

Carla was bitten by a dog when she was a toddler. She's older now, but still backs up in fear whenever a dog approaches her. This is an example of

After a childhood filled with cavities, Kyle has an active dislike of the dentist's drill. His tendency to become anxious when hearing a similar-sounding noise is termed

Whenever Vernon comes home too late on a Saturday night, his parents refuse to give him his weekly allowance. Vernon's parents are using what technique to modify his behavior?

In a later modification of the classic Bobo doll experiment, the children who saw a model beat up the doll and then get rewarded showed aggression toward the doll. Which of the following statements is true about the other children, who saw the model get punished rather than rewarded?

For classical conditioning to be successful, the CS must

Operant conditioning is dependent on

Köhler determined that insight

The neutral stimulus must be paired with the unconditioned stimulus _______ in order to result in successful conditioning.

"Little Albert" acquired a conditioned emotional response to the rat when its presentation was coupled with

Observational learning cannot take place if the learner does not first

In operant conditioning, _______ is the key to learning.

Experiments have shown that laboratory rats will experience conditioned taste aversion for a food they swallow _____ before becoming nauseated.

A behavior is more resistant to extinction if it is

_______ is an example of punishment by removal.

Three-year-old Ellie sees her big brother go across the monkey bars. Ellie tries to do the monkey bars but her arms are not strong enough to hang or long enough to reach the next bar. According to Bandura, Ellie is lacking which element of observational learning?

Which of the following is an example of maturation?

Which of the following would be considered negative reinforcement?

A recent study suggests a link between spanking and

The learning/performance distinction is a kind of

Which of the following individuals believed that cognition was an important part of behavior?

The four elements of observational learning are attention, memory, ______, and ______.

________ pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of classical conditioning.

One of B. F. Skinner's famous experiments involved

In defining learning, _____ refers to the fact that when people learn anything, some part of their brain is physically changed to record what they've learned, and that change remains even if the behavior doesn't.

_____ believed that classical conditioning occurred because the CS became a substitute for the UCS when paired closely together in time.

In order to increase reading among her class, Mrs. Gomez, a second-grade teacher, has students record their reading by placing stickers on a large chart. For every ten stickers, students receive a new book. Mrs. Gomez is using

In Tolman's study on rats, the second group, who did not get reinforced with food until the tenth day, then

Aggression in children is ________ violence on TV.

The learning/performance distinction is demonstrated by

In order to be effective, a secondary reinforcer must be paired with a

Punishment is more difficult than reinforcement because

Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. A chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder. Joshua reacts with some slight anxiety. This is an example of

Russian physiologist Pavlov spent his career studying

When children witness other children cry when getting a vaccination, and the witnesses then cry before the needle even touches them, it is an example of

One of the first psychologists to conduct studies in an attempt to explain human behavior was

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian _____ who spent his life studying classical conditioning.

The mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving are known as

In Seligman's study, dogs that had been harnessed and had learned there was nothing they could do to escape a shock

In Tolman's study of rats learning to run mazes, one group received rewards each time they exited the maze. Another group received no reinforcement at all. The other group received reinforcement

Tolman concluded that the rats who received reinforcement after the tenth day of the study had stored information about the maze as

In toilet training a cat, "Lid Up, Seat Down" is known in operant conditioning as

Sammy and his friends are watching animated fight scenes on television. Based on Bandura's findings in the Bobo doll experiment, it seems likely that later, at play, Sammy and his friends will

The fact that learning can take place without the actual performance of the behavior is called

A five-year old watches his father dunk a basketball. Since the child is unable to reach the basket in the way his father can, the child cannot learn this behavior by observing because he cannot accomplish the step of

Infants and animals can be easily reinforced using

In a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement,

In operant conditioning, responses are _______, whereas in classical conditioning, responses are _______.

Secondary reinforcers get their reinforcing power from the process of

Severe punishments such as hitting

Most of the time, punishment

Research suggests that once people learn something,

In Pavlov's studies, the salivation of dogs in response to food in their mouths is the

In classical conditioning, the actual response involved in a CR and a UCR are the same. (For example, it might be salivation in both cases.) But what makes that response (salivation) considered conditioned or unconditioned depends on

An unconditioned stimulus is always followed by a(n)

An infant crawling is an example of

Tolman and Köhler were

Köhler believed that Sultan the chimp had solved the problem of reaching the banana

_________ is more resistant to extinction than _______.

The Brelands determined that most Skinnerian behaviorists made the false assumption that

In the "puzzle box" experiment, how did the cat first come to push the lever to get out of the box?

Time-out is a form of

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first

The term "extinction" may be misleading because:

What is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

In order to increase reading among the students in her class, Mrs. Gomez, a 2nd grade teacher, has students record their reading by placing stickers on a large chart. For every ten stickers, students receive a new book. Mrs. Gomez is using:

After a lengthy period during which the UCS was not applied, Pavlov's dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of:

This scientist conducted research to establish the theory known as cognitive perspective