absolute value
the distance of a number from zero on a number line; distance or this is always positive; for example the answer for 6 and -6 are both 6
adjacent angles
angles that have a common side, but no common interior
algebraic expression
a mathematical phrase that contains one or more numbers, one or more variables, and one or more arithmetic operations; for example, 4a+7
algebraic statement
an equation or inequality that contains variables, such as (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
angle
the union of two rays with a common endpoint
ascend
to move upward
assets
items that one owns
bar chart/graph
a way of displaying categorical data (for example, colors, types, qualities); each bar represents a different category; the vertical scale for the bar heights is labeled with the count or percent for each category
budget
an estimate of expected income and expenses, with each type of income and expense identified by amount
census
a study that gains information about every number of a population
center
in a circle, a given point from which the set of points in the same plane are an equal distance
circle
the set of points in a plane that are an equal distance from a given point, called the center
circumference
the distance around a circle
coefficient
a number by which a variable is multiplied; for example in the term 6x, this is 6
common denominator
a number into which all the denominators of a set of fractions may be divided without a remainder
complement of an event
includes all possible outcomes of a probability experiment that are not outcomes of the event
complementary angles
two angles whose measures have a sum of ninety degrees
complex solid
in three-dimensional geometry, the result of putting two or more solids together
composite figure
a figure made up of two or more figures
compound interest
interest calculated on the total principle plus the interest earned or owed during the previous time period
congruent
when two or more figures are the same shape and size, they are this
conjecture
an unproved statement that seems to be true
constant
a term in an expression that does not change in value because it does not contain a variable; for example, this in the expression 3n + 6 is 6
constant of proportionality
the ratio of output values to input values in a relationship which is directly proportional
constant rate of change
if the rate of change remains the same in a problem situation, it is defined as this
conversion factor
a ratio relating a number of units to a unit measure; for example, the ratio 12 to 1 is this relating inches to feet, and 1 to 12 is this relating feet to inches
corresponding parts
the sides and angles of similar figures that are in the same relative positions in the figures
coupon
a document offering a reduction in price on a specific item, such as a box of cereal
critique
to analyze and discuss the details of something
cross section
the intersection of a solid figure and a plane
decompose the figure
in geometry, when you divide a composite figure into smaller figures, this phrase is sometimes used
descend
to move downward
diameter
any line segment through the center of a circle with endpoints on the circle
discount
a reduction in price
equally likely outcome
an outcome of a probability experiment in which every different outcome has the same chance of occurring
equation
a statement showing that two numbers or expressions are equal, such as 4 + 3 = 7 or x + 5 = 9
equivalent expression
two or more expressions that may look different, but represent the same quantity or have equal values when evaluated; for example, the expression 2x + 4x and the expression 6x are this
estimated probability
is calculated by observing the outcome of a probability experiment many times; sometimes called empirical probabilities
event
any outcome or group of outcomes from a probability experiment
factor (noun)
any of the numbers or symbols that when multiplied together form a product
factor (verb)
the process of finding the factors that form a product
fixed expense
an expense that does not change over a period of time
included angle
an angle formed by two sides of a triangle
income tax
a percent of earnings paid to federal, state, or local governments as a tax
interest
the percentage of a loan amount charged by the lender; rates are stated as a percentage
lateral area
the sum of the areas of the lateral faces of a solid
lateral face
a face of a solid that is not one of the bases
liabilities
amounts owed; debts
markup
an amount added to the original cost of an item to find the selling price
media
the various ways by which news and information are communicated to the public; for example, through television, radio, and newspapers
monetary incentive
a special offer that reduces the total cost of one or more items, such as "buy one, get one free"
net
a two-dimensional drawing used to represent or form a three-dimensional object or solid
net worth
the difference between what is owned and what is owed
numerical expression
an expression that contains numbers and operations; for example, 12 + 0 and (10 x 5) x 3 are expressions that contain numbers and operations
numerical statement
an equation that sets two expressions equal; for example 20 x 4 = 4 x 20
order of operations
a set of rules for evaluating expressions with more than one operation; the order is: do calculations inside parentheses, evaluate expressions with exponents, multiply or divide from left to right, add or subtract from left to right
orientation
the way in which a figure is positioned
palindrome
a word, phrase, or sequence that reads the same backward or forward; for example, the words tot and racecar are these
percent
a ratio that compares a number to 100 and uses the % symbol
percent equation
an equation showing the relationship between the whole and a part; this equation is written as: whole x percent = part
percent error
the amount of error between the assumed value and the actual value
percent increase/decrease
the percent by which an original amount is increased or decreased; this is determined by dividing the change by the original amount
plane
a flat surface that extends infinitely in all directions; a parallelogram is used to model this in two dimensions
population
a set of numbers for which data are to be collected and analyzed with the purpose of drawing some conclusions about some feature of this
population mean
the average of the data values for the whole population; if the sample is selected in the reasonable way, the sample mean can be used as an estimate of this
predict
to make a reasonable guess about something that will happen
prism
a solid with parallel congruent bases that are both polygons; the sides (faces) of this are all parallelograms or rectangles; these are named according to the shape of its bases
probability
the measurement of the likelihood that an event will occur
probability experiment
the process of observing an outcome when there is chance involved, which means that the outcome is not known prior to doing the experiment
property
in mathematics, a property is a rule or statement that is always true
property tax
a tax paid on real estate which is based on the value of the property, including land
proportion
an equation stating that two ratios are equal
pyramid
a three-dimensional figure whose base is a polygon and whose other faces are triangles that share a common vertex
radius
a line segment with one endpoint at the center of a circle and the other endpoint on the circle
random digits
digits (0, 1, 2,...8, 9) arranged in a random order
random sample
a sample that is formed by selecting individuals from the population at random
rate
a comparison of two different units, such as distance and time, or two different things measured with the same unit
rate of change
the ratio of output values to corresponding input values
ratio
a comparison of two quantities; ratios can be written as fractions (indicating a quotient), or using the word "to," or using a colon (:)
rational number
any number that can be written as the ratio of two integers where the divisor is not zero; for example, 8, 1.5, 2/5, y - 3
rebate
a sales promotion used as an incentive to get buyers to purchase a specific product
regular polygon
a polygon with all sides congruent and all angles congruent
regular pyramid
a pyramid with a base that is a regular polygon
relative size
the relationship between two items showing how the size of one item is larger or smaller than the other item
repeating decimal
a decimal that has one or more digits following the decimal point that repeat endlessly
right prism
a prism on which the bases are directly above each other, making the lateral faces perpendicular to the bases
sales tax
a percentage of the cost of a purchase paid as a tax
sample
a small representative group chosen from a population; a good one of these can be used to make predictions about the larger population
sample mean
the average of the data values for a sample
sample space
the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment
sample statistic
a numerical value that is calculated using data from a sample
sampling
choosing a portion of the population to study which resembles the entire population
sampling variability
the variability in the values of a sample statistic that occurs when random samples are selected from a population because different samples include different individuals
scale drawing
a drawing that represents an object as an enlargement or reduction of the size of an actual object; the scale factor defines the amount of enlargement or reduction
selected at random
choosing in a way that gives each member of the group the same chance of being chosen
semicircle
an arc whose measure is half of a circle; the area of this is half of the area of a circle with the same radius
similar figures
figures in which the lengths of the corresponding sides are in proportion and the corresponding angles are congruent
simulation
an artificial process for generating an outcome instead of using a probability experiment
slant height of the pyramid
the height of a triangular face of a pyramid
subset
a set whose elements are all in another set; every set is this of itself
supplementary angles
two angles whose measures have a sum of 180 degrees
surface area
the sum of the areas of the faces of a solid figure
take-home pay
the amount of money an employee receives in a paycheck after amounts are withheld for taxes, health insurance, or contributions to retirement savings
terminating decimal
a decimal that has a finite or limited number of digits following the decimal point
theoretical probability
the ratio of the number of outcomes in which the event can occur to the total number of outcomes in the probability experiment
tip
an optional payment-in addition to the cost of the bill-to someone who provides good service
tree diagram
a graphic organizer for listing the possible outcomes of an experiment
unit rate
a rate in which one of the quantities represented has a value of one; for example, a rate of 25 miles per gallon is a unit rate that can be written as 25 miles/1 gallon
unique
"only" or "single" in geometry, a triangle that can be drawn in only one way
variable
a letter or symbol used to represent a number in expressions or equations
variable expense
a expense that changes-or varies-over time
vertex
the common endpoint of two rays that form an angle
vertical angles
a pair of angles formed by two intersecting lines; these share a common vertex but no common sides
volume
the measure of the space occupied by a three-dimensional figure; this is measure in cubic units as cubic inches (inches cubed)