cognitive apprenticeship
The process by which a learner gradually acquires expertise through interaction with an expert, either an adult or an older or more advanced peer.
social nature of learning
Children learn, he proposed, through joint interactions with adults and more capable peers
constructivist theories of learning
Theories that state that learners must individually discover and transform complex information, checking new information against old rules and revising rules when they no longer work.
discovery learning
A constructivist approach to teaching in which students are encouraged to discover principles for themselves.
self-regulated learners
Students who have knowledge of effective learning strategies and how and when to use them.
reciprocal teaching
A small-group teaching method based on principles of question generation; through instruction and modeling, teachers foster metacognitive skills primarily to improve the reading performance of students who have poor comprehension.
Mediated Learning
Assisted learning; an approach in which the teacher guides instruction by means of scaffolding to help students master and internalize the skills that permit higher cognitive functioning.
cooperative learning
Instructional approaches in which students work in small mixed-ability groups.
cooperative scripting
A study method in which students work in pairs and take turns orally summarizing sections of material to be learned.
means-ends analysis
A problem-solving technique that encourages identifying the goal (ends) to be attained, the current situation, and what needs to be done (means) to reduce the difference between the two conditions.
Instrumental Enrichment
A thinking skills program in which students work through a series of paper-and-pencil exercises that are designed to develop various intellectual abilities
Teacher-centred learning
teacher at its centre in an active role and students in a passive, receptive role
Student-centered learning
is an approach to education focusing on the interests of the students, rather than those of others involved in the educational process, such as teachers and administrators