The Protestant Reformation

-Critics claimed that the church leaders were corrupt because the popes patronized the arts, spent money on personal pleasures, and fought wars. - Many popes were too busy with worldly affairs to be concerned with spiritual ones. - Many monks and priest were poorly educated - Many priests and monks broke vows

- Parents wanted him to become a lawyer, instead he became a monk and teacher - Taught scripture at the University of Wittenberg in Germany - Wanted to be a good Christian, not to lead a religious revolution

- Luther decided to take a public stand against actions of the friar: Johann Tetzel who was raising money to rebuild St. Paul's cathedral by selling indulgence - Tetzel gave people the impression that buying an indulgence buys your way into heaven - Luther wrote 95 theses, or formal statements, attacking "pardon merchants" -posted statements in doors of churches -led to founding that Church didn't accept popes authority

A pardon that released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins. Not supposed to affects Gods right to judge.

Luther's actions were known as the Reformation. A movement for religious reform

-Luther wanted a full reform of the Church. His teachings rested in 3 main ideas. 1) people could win salvation only by faith and gods gift of forgiveness 2) all Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible 3) all people with faith were equal. People didn't need priests to interrupt the Bible for them.

Issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements. However Luther didn't take anything back and threw the popes decree into a fire. Luther was then excommunication by the Pope.

Taking away a persons right to membership in the Church

-Holy Roman Emperor Charles V opposed to Luther's teachings so he had Luther stand trial. - He told Luther to take back his statements. But Luther refused - Charles made the Edict and declared Luther an outlaw. - No one was allowed to give Luther food or shelter and all his books were burned - Prince Frederick disobeyed and sheltered Luther in a castle

When Luther returned to Wittenberg he discovered that many of his ideas were already being put into practice. Instead of continuing to seek reforms in the Catholic Church. Luther and his followers created a separate religious group

A person who holds benefits that differ from the official Church teachings

-Protesting Princes - German princes who remained loyal to the pope agreed to sign forces against Luther's ideas. - The term Protestant was applied to Christians who belongs to non Catholic Churches.

-Bands of angry peasants went to the countryside raiding monasteries, pillaging and burning. -This revolution horrified Luther so he wrote a pamphlet urging the German princes to show peasants no mercy. - Princes crushed the revolution killing 100,000 people -Feeling betrayed the Peasants rejected Luther's religious leadership -Motivated by Thomas Muntzer

- Charles V went to war against the Protestant princes -He defeated them but failed to force them back into Catholic Church - Ordered all princes to Augsburg - Agreed that each ruler could decide the religion of his state

-When Henry VIII became king he was a devout Catholic -Wrote an article on Luther's ideas and was recognized by the pope as "Defender of the Faith" -But Henry need a son successor- had one daughter Mary -Wanted to divorce but Church law didn't allow so he asked the pope for an annul -Pope didn't grant annul to Henry because he didn't want to offend Henry's wife's nephew

The pope could grant an annul, or set aside, a marriage if proof could be found that it had never been legal in the first place

Henry took steps to save his marriage problem. He called Parliament and asked it to pass a set of laws that ended popes power in England. Secretly married Anne Boleyn and parliament legalized Henry's divorce

Henry's break with the pope was complete when Parliament voted to approve the Act of Supremacy. This called people to take an oath recognizing divorce and accepting Henry, instead of the pope, as the head of the English Church

-Married Anne and had a daughter, Elizabeth and then Jane and had Edward. -All 3 children ruled over England and created religious turmoil -First Edward was king but because of illness he only reigned for 6 years. In addition he was 9 years old during his reign and had lots of guidance from adult Protestants -Then Mary took his place and turned England Catholic and made the pope the authority of the church again -Then Elizabeth reigned and took a middle road pleasing both Catholics and Protestants, and created the Anglican Church

-Was determined to return her kingdom to Protestant -Established a state church that moderate Catholics and Protestants might accept -To please Protestants priests could marry and deliver sermon in English rather than Latin -To allowed Catholics to keep their fancy clothing; robes

-Parliament followed Elizabeth's wished and set up Church of England or the Anglian Church, with Elizabeth at the head. -Only legal Church in England

Catholics tried to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with her cousin

-Catholic priest in Zurich -Influenced by the Christian humanism of Erasmus and the reforms of Luther -Called for return to the more personal faith of early Christianity

-Started Calvinism -Law Student in France -Published "Institutes of the Christian Religion" -Book emphasized ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. -Summary of Protestant theology, or religious beliefs -Men and women are sinful by nature -God chooses very few people to save- the "elect"

-John Calvin wrote the "Institutes of the Christian Religion" -Book emphasized ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. -Summary of Protestant theology, or religious beliefs -Men and women are sinful by nature -God chooses very few people to save- the "elect" -This doctrine is called he predestination

-Religion created by John Calvin -Men and women are sinful by nature -God chooses very few people to save- the "elect"

-Clavin believed that the ideal government was a theocracy -A government controlled by religious leaders -Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland asked Calvin to lead their city

-John Knox was one of Calvin's followers and put Calvin's ideas to work -each community church was governed by a group of laymen called elders or presbyters -Followers of Knox became known as Presbyterians -Scotland

-In France Calvin's followers were known as Huguenots -Hatred between Catholics and Huguenots often led to violence -Most violent outbreak was on the Catholic Feast of St. Bartholomew's Day- Catholics started hunting Protestants and murdering them-12,000 Huguenots were killed -Took place in France

-Only baptized people who were old enough to decide to be Christian -People baptized as children should be rebaptized as adults -Church and state should be separate-refused to fight in wars -Shared their possessions

-Helping Catholics to remain loyal was a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself -Also referred to as the Counter Reformation

-Founded new religious orders -Believed that daily devotions cleansed his soul -Wrote the book "Spiritual Exercises" -Laid out a day-to-day plan of meditation, prayer, and study

-Pope created a religious order for his followers called the Society of Jesus -Focused on three activities 1.) Founded schools throughout Europe. Teachers were well trained in both classical studies and theology 2.) Convert non-Christians to Catholicism. So they sent out missionaries around the world 3.) Stop the spread of Protestantism.

-Paul III called a council of church leaders -Catholic Bishops and cardinals agreed of several doctrines -The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic -Christians need faith and good works for salvation. They could not be saved by faith alone -The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life -Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of indulgences was banned.

-Protestant Churches flourished -Roman Catholic Church became more unified as a result of the reforms started by the Council of Trent -Protestants and Catholics gave more emphasis to education. Led to the founding of parish schools and new colleges and universities throughout Europe -Women status in the church did not change

-As the Catholic Church's moral and political authority declined, monarchs started to gain power -Led to the development of modern nation-states -Leaders tried to gain power for themselves through warfare, exploration, and expansion

-Phillip II wanted to attack England after Elizabeth helped the provinces and appeared sympathetic to the Sea Beggars -As tension between England and Spain increased- Phillip II ordered his armada to go help with the invasion -Goal was to board English ships -Armada failed because the Spanish ships were designed for open waters- the English ships were smaller and sailed circles around the Spanish--Also the English had better artillery so they could keep a safe distance from the Spanish and still damage their ships -Also Armada faces a brutal storm that destroyed any remaining ships

-"Bloody Mary's" husband -Spanish -Led the Spanish Armanda to England

-Scottish preacher -Put Calvin's ideas to work -Each community church was governed by a group a laymen called elders or presbyters

-Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII's child -Was a devout Catholic and persecuted Protestants earning her name "Bloody" Mary

-Henry's first wife -Marriage was annulled and considered invalid because Catherine was previously married to Henry's brother, who died -Was loved by the people of England -Catherine is from Spain and instead of marrying Henry of England it is said that Spain married England for the political benefits -Gave birth to "Bloody Mary"

-Henry's second wife after Henry and Catherine's marriage was annulled. -Gave birth to Elizabeth, and a son who died immediately after child birth -Was beheaded after being charged with treason, however, Anne actually never committed treason, but Henry needed a son heir and needed a younger wife. This served as the only option to get rid of Anne

-Henry VIII signed a document stating that Anne's daughter, Elizabeth, was the first heir to the throne, instead of Mary -Declared that since Catherine's marriage was annulled Mary was not the first heir to the throne after Henry died

Martin Luther teaching: 1) People could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and "good works" were needed for salvation 2) All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities 3) All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them -Ministers led congregations -Salvation by faith alone -Bible is the sole source of revealed truth -Worship service focused on preaching and ritual -Believers interpret the Bible for themselves

-Pope is the head of the church -Salvation us achieved by faith AND good works -Church and Bible tradition are sources of revealed truth -Worship service is based on ritual -Priests interpret Bible and Church teachings for believers

-English monarch were head of the church -Salvation by faith alone -Bible is the sole source of revealed truth -Worship service based on ritual and preaching -Believers interpret the Bible using tradition and reason

1) Social- Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church - The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church 2)Political- Powerful monarchs challenged the Church was the supreme power in Europe -Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority 3)Economic- European princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth - Merchants and others represented having to pay taxes to the Church 4)Religious- Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt - Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable

-Also called the Anglican Church -Elizabeth at the head -Only legal Church in England -To please Protestants, priests in the Church of England were allowed to marry and deliver sermons in English instead of Latin -To please Catholics, the Church of England kept some of the trappings of the Catholic service such as the rich robes. In addition church services were revised to be some what more acceptable to Catholics

-Spain was very strictly devout Catholic -Inquisition is a series of trials for non-Catholics to scare people into becoming Catholic

-Friar who raised money to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome -Luther saw him selling indulgences and decided to write the 95 Theses -Tetzel gave people the impression that buying indulgences could buy their way into heaven

-Hatred between the Catholics and Huguenots in France often led to violence -In August in Paris 1572-on the Catholic feast St. Bartholomew's Day Catholic mobs began hunting Protestants and murdering them. -The massacres started to spread to other cities and lasted 6 months -Scholars believe that 12,000 Huguenots were killed

-People start focusing more on the world around them. There are new economic opportunities that arose during the Renaissance, and people learned about the world around them instead of focusing on the next life. While religion never actually disappeared people focused on more worldly matters.