US History 1st Semester Study Guide – 1

• Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire • Puritans settled-seeking religious freedom • Covenant community — direct democracy through town meetings

• New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware • Mixed settlers, Quakers, Baptist, Methodists • Pennsylvania — Quakers — William Penn

• Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina • England ruled settlement of southern colonies • Middle Passage — slaves forcibly brought from Africa

• First governing document of the New World • Written by the colonists later known as the Pilgrims

• First representative body in the New World • Virginia Assembly today

• First permanent English settlement in New World, Virginia - 1607 • First blacks to arrive — 1619 • Tobacco — cash crop

• One of leaders of the new colony of Jamestown • No work — no eat policy

•Virginia's elite settlers given large land grants from King of England

• British decision that colonist were not to move west of the Appalachians

• British parliament passes this act to collect money on debts • Imposes a tax on printed documents including wills, newspapers, and playing cards.

• Led opposition of the Stamp Act and is famous for his quote "Give me liberty or give me death!" • Anti-Federalist — opposed the Constitution for he feared it would take power from the states.

• Taxed goods that were imported into the colonies....such as lead, glass, paint, paper and tea. • 'Taxation without Representation' screamed the colonists. Protested the Act....later repealed.

• Also known as the Boston ript, was an incident in Boston which lead to deaths of five civilians at the hands of British soldiers.

• As a result of the Tea Act in 1773, the colonists organized the Boston Tea Party, in which the colonists dumped British tea into the Boston harbor.

• Major influence on the founding fathers especially Thomas Jefferson.... with his ideas of individual liberties, social contract, and limited government. • One passage of the Declaration of lndependence...straight from John Locke's writings.

• Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. • Argument for the freedom from British rule. • People were undecided as to break away from England.

• Author — Thomas Jefferson was selected as the draft composer. • Document announcing to King George of Britain and the rest of the world...our independence from England and no longer under British rule. All men created equal....life, liberty, pursuit of happiness.

• Served as U.S. first constitution -1777 • Many weaknesses — proved govt was not strong enough • No Executive, No Judiciary, No power to tax, No Military draft. No power to regulate interstate disputes • One vote per state

• Select groups of colonial militia....highly mobile, rapidly deployed forces to respond to war threats immediately...hence their name.

• Daniel Shays — lead farmers on protest of higher state taxes in Mass. • Showed government was not strong enough to respond to crisis situations • Farmers faced problems from debts they owed to creditors

• Small states favored • Representation in Congress based on equality — one vote/state • Unicameral legislature

• Big states favored • Representation in Congress based on population • Bicameral legislature

• Roger Sherman — Connecticut • Compromised NJ & VA Plans • Two houses — one based on equality, one based on population

• North and South disagreed as how slaves were to be counted towards population for representation in Congress • Each slave counted 3/5 of a man • Every 5 slaves =3 people

• Supported the U.S. Constitution • Wanted strong, central government • James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay

• Opposed the U.S. Constitution • Feared a strong, central government • Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee

• Of Virginia • Father of the U.S. Constitution • Author of the Virginia Plan • Federalist, Author Bill of Rights

• Anti-Federalists wanted to include Bill of Rights to ratify, the Constitution • 1st 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution • Rights, Liberties, Freedoms

• Thomas Jefferson — enacted for the people to have the freedom of religion • Virginia Assembly adopted in 1786 • Influenced 1st amendment freedom of religion

• Drafted 1776 — claim inherent rights of the people • Influenced Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights • George Mason - author

• Supreme law of the land —framework for the organization of the United States • Preamble — We the People(purpose of the government) • 7 Articles

Major Events led to Constitution: • First Continental Congress • Second Congress • Shays Rebellion • Articles of Confederation • Federalists v. Anti-Federalists • 3/5 Compromise • Revolutionary War

• Each branch has the power to check the other branches.... to ensure no branch has too much power

• Power divided among 3 independent branches of government • Making stronger government and limiting govt at same time

• his leadership helped the continental army to stay intact, and survive long enough to await France's help. Despite the fact that his men lacked food and ammunition. • 1st President of the U.S.

• 9 of 13 states needed to ratijy for it to go into effect. • 1st - Delaware, Last - Vermont

• States can not tax the national bank • Supremacy Clause

• Under the Articles of Confederation, did not have power to tax • So, to raise money for govt, sale of land west of the original states

• Court case established power of Judicial Review • Marbury appointed by President Adams as Justice of Peace in DC but paperwork not delivered • Petitioned Supreme Court for Secretary of State — Madison to deliver documents — approve decision

• Court case — power to regulate interstate commerce • Over use of waterways between NY & NJ

• Rights that can not be taken away • Inalienable Rights —John Locke — life, liberty, property

• American colonists wanting independence from British rule

• American colonists against breaking away from British rule...Ioyal to British empire.

• Constructed a treaty of alliance with France, France comes to U.S. aid

• the daring attack by Washington on Christmas Eve to get supplies, food, clothing and ammunition