World History 1 And Geography SOL Review

Early humans were hunters and gathers whose survival depended on the availability of wild plants and animals

were nomadic, simple tools, learned to make and use fire, lived in clans, oral language, and cave art

They didn't have to move with the animal herds anymore

Archaeologists study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, fossils, and artifacts. Archaeologists apply scientific tests such as carbon dating to analyze fossils and artifacts.

These river valleys offered rich soils for agriculture, and they tended to be in locations easily protected from invasion by nomadic peoples

They were in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China

about 3500 to 500 BC

There were hereditary rulers and a rigid class system in society. They created the world's first states, a centralized government, and written law codes. They are also credited with the creation of metal tools and weapons, increasing agricultural surplus, increasing trade along rivers and by sea, development of the world's first cities, and specialization of labor.

Polytheism was practiced by most early civilizations. Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews.

Belief in one God, Torah contains written records and beliefs, Ten Commandments state moral and religious conduct

Judaism brought the ten commandments into most civilizations. Most laws are based on the ideals behind them.

Pictograms, hieroglyphics, cuneiform, and alphabet

Tolerated conquered peoples, developed imperial bureaucracy, Zoroastrianism as a religion, and created a road system

Physical barriers such as the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the Indian Ocean made invasion more difficult. Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided invasion routes into the Indian subcontinent. The Indus and Ganges were the most important rivers in the Indian subcontinent.

They asserted their dominance, and created a rigid caste system, which influenced all social interactions and choices of occupations

It was hereditary

Gupta started the golden age of classical Indian culture, and contributed mathematics, new textiles, and literature. Mauryan formed the first Indian empire, had a vast army, increased trade, and had 2 well defined religions

Believe in many forms of one major deity, reincarnation, and karma. Vedas and Upanishads are their sacred writings

The caste system in religious law was based on occupations

They believe in the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path to Enlightenment

Asoka's missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia.

The Great Wall was built by Qin Shi Huangdi as a line of defense against invasions.

Classical China contributed the civil service system, paper, porcelain, and silk

Yin/Yang represented opposites for Confucianism and Taoism. Taoism contributed to humility, a simple life, inner peace, and harmony with nature. Confucianism supported the belief that humans are good, not bad, respect for elders, and a code of politeness.

Mountainous terrain helped and hindered the development of city-states. Greek cities were designed to promote civic and commercial life. Colonization related to overpopulation and the search for arable land for agriculture.

It explained natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events

Symbols and images in Western literature, art, monumental architecture, and politics come from Greek mythology

Citizens had political rights and the responsibility of civic participation in government. Women, slaves, and foreigners had no political rights.

Sparta was an oligarchy with a rigid social structure, and the society was militaristic and aggressive. Athens had many stages in evolution of their government. They also had democratic principles such as direct democracy, public debate, and duties of the citizen

The Persian wars united Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire. Athenian victories over the Persians at Marathon and Salamis left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea. Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations in government and culture.

It was caused in part by competition for control of the Greek world—Athens and the Delian League v. Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. It resulted in the slowing of cultural advance and the weakening of political power.

Pericles extended democracy, so most adult males had equal voice. He had Athens rebuilt after destruction in Persian Wars; the Parthenon is an example of this reconstruction.

Drama, poetry, history, sculpture, architecture, science, mathematics, and philosophy were all important contributions.

He established an empire from Greece to Egypt and the margins of India, and extended Greek cultural influences

Rome was centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers. The Italian Peninsula, the Alps, and the Mediterranean Sea all provided protection, and sea-borne commerce was made easier for them.

It was based on the Greek polytheistic religion.

What impact did Roman mythology have on later civilizations?

It became a representative democracy, with assemblies, a Senate, Consuls, and the laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables.

Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade in those places.

It caused civil wars over his power

It caused the devaluation of Roman currency

Failure to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors allowed an imperial monarchy come to power

Two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule

It helped the expansion and solidification of the Roman Empire in general

It was adopted and legalized by Emperor Constantine

It was monotheistic, said that Jesus was both Son and incarnation of God, believed in life after death, and the New Testament was the sacred writing.

It was carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire.

The Church became an example of moral authority. Loyalty to the church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor. The Church also helped unify Western Europe.

They contributed roads, arches, and mythology. They improved public health, and also came up with the principle of "innocent until proven guilty."

Deflation, loss of faith in Rome, civil conflict, the cost of defense, and attacks on their borders were all parts of the decline of the empire.

It was a crossroads for trade, and was an easily fortified site on a peninsula bordering natural harbor

He provided the basis for the law codes of Western Europe

Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire reached its height in culture and prosperity.

They made mosaics in public and religious structures, and had religious icons.

They continued developing Greco-Roman traditions, using the Greek language, and following the Greek Orthodox Church. Greek and Roman knowledge was preserved in Byzantine libraries

The cultural and political differences between the eastern and western Roman Empire, such as different practices and different authority figures, weakened the unity of the Christian Church and led to its division.

Byzantine civilization influenced Russian and Eastern European civilizations through its religion, culture, and trade routes.

It originateed in Mecca and Medina. It spread across Asia and Africa, and into Spain.

They are monotheistic and believe in Allah. They follow the Quran and the five pillars of Islam. They accept prophets from Judaism and Christianity, including Moses and Jesus

Trade routes from Mecca and Medina provided easy access to the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia

The Arabic language spread with Islam and made trade easier throughout Islamic lands.

Some major historical points include the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem and Damascus, the Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours, and the division of the Sunni and Shi'a.

Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization.

They contributed mosaics, the Arabic alphabet and numerals, universities, algebra, medicine, and expanded geographic knowledge

The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance after Roman authority declined.

The decline of Roman influence in Western Europe left people with little protection against invasion, so they entered into feudal agreements with land-holding lords who promised them protection.

It had a rigid class structure and self-sufficient manors.

The alliance between Frankish kings and the church reestablished Roman culture in Western Europe.

They disrupted the social, economic, and political order of Europe.

The Silk Road across Asia to the Mediterranean basin, the maritime routes across the Indian Ocean, the trans-Saharan routes across North Africa, the Northern European connections to the Black Sea, and Western European sea and river trade were all important trade routes.

When people traded goods, they would take them back home, and it influences their culture

Japanese cultural development was influenced by its closeness to China.

China influenced Japan in things such as writing, architecture, and religion.

Shinto was an ethnic religion unique to Japan, that expressed the importance of natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors, and it coexisted with Buddhism.

Trade brought important economic, cultural, and religious influences to African civilizations from other parts of the world. States and empires grew in Africa during this time.

The Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations emerged in South and Central America, and Mexico. They were polytheistic, and at least partially agriculture based.

They began forming nation-states in the late medieval period so it was easier to control their vast empires.

Pope Urban's speech, the capture of Jerusalem, the founding of Crusader states, the loss of Jerusalem to Saladin, and the attack by western Crusaders on Constantinople were all important events of the Crusades.

They invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in Southwest Asia, destroying cities and countryside, which helped them create an empire.

Constantinople fell, and they conquered the Byzantine Empire.

The Black Death destroyed the population of much of Asia and then the population of much of Europe. It disrupted trade and decreased the Church's influence.

Church scholars kept ancient literature safe in monasteries in the East and West.

The Crusades stimulated trade by introducing Europeans to many new products.

New trade had promoted frequent contacts with the Byzantine and Muslim Empires, and this caused new economic institutions to be developed.

Their central location made it so they had easy access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets.

They served as trading centers for the distribution of goods into northern Europe.

He supported absolute power of the ruler, that the end justifies the means, and one should do good if possible, but do evil when necessary.

The Renaissance produced new ideas that were shown in the arts, philosophy, and literature.

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Petrarch, and Shakespeare were all important men of the Renaissance

It stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture.

People of the Northern Renaissance combined humanist ideas with Christianity.

Erasmus and Sir Thomas More were important writers in the Nothern Renaissance.