World History Ch. 13

1. search for new trade routes 2. desire for gold 3. desire for adventure & glory 4. religious concerns

-Italians had monopoly on trade routes leading to Orient -son of Venetian migrant -author of influential book that spurred interest in discovery -served in Court of Kublai Khan -Italian -journeyed 4 years to get to China -Ottoman Turks came to power in Middle East in 1400s & disrupted European trade

-fabled African king -desired to assist Europeans in fight against the Muslims

1. Maps: relied on reports of the traders & fisherman for early maps 2. Instruments: compass 3. Latitude: (distance an object is from equator) latitudinal instruments-- astrolabe, quadrants, and cross-staff

-superior to ships built before 1400 because it had triangular & square sails -light, fast vessel that was popular among early explorers -large sails for power -small, triangle sails provided maneuverability

-established navigation school -greatest figure in history of exploration -principal circumnavigation of Africa

first man to round the southern tip of Africa

his expedition around Cape of Good Hope to India gave Portugal a route for spice trade with India

-discovered the New World while searching for India -discovered West Indies -sailed under sponsorship of Ferdinand & Isabella

Amerigo Vespucci was the first European to explore South America

-line running north & south that divided the world between Portugal & Spain -Portugal & Spain divided world between themselves -purpose: to keep Spain & Portugal from fighting over new territories -Portugal claimed Brazil; official language was Portuguese

-Crew accomplished first circumnavigation of the world -first explorer to round the tip of South America -proved by Magellans's voyage: one great body of water covers the earth -Columbus's discoveries were not as near to Asia as he hoped

trip around the earth

-built highly advanced Indian civilization that flourished in the Yucatan Peninsula in the 4th-10th centuries -noted for artistic & intellectual achievements -only remnants of this once great Indian civilization were found by the Spanish

founded walled city of Tenochtitlan Central Mexico

civilization based in Peru

-main advantage over natives of New World was his horse & firearms -name for Spanish conquerer

first European to view Pacific Ocean

-defeated Aztecs & destroyed their capital -considered the greatest conquistador

leader of Aztecs

appointed by Spanish king to oversee affairs in New World

-conquered the Inca Empire -founded city of Lima

Inca ruler who was held for ransom by Pizarro

-Roman Catholic friar -opposed cruel treatment of Indians by fellow Spaniards in New World

city rich in gold

-discovered Mississippi River -Explored Southeastern U.S.

-explored southwestern section of North America -searched for 7 cities of Cibola

-first great French explorer in New World -Founder of Montreal

-Father of New France -Founder of Quebec

-French explorer/Jesuit missionary -explored Mississippi River by canoe to Arkansas with Louis Joliet

-Englishman hired by the Dutch to explore for a shorter route to the East -explored the northeastern coast of America in his ship Half Moon -entered the Hudson River and gave Dutch a claim to the region near Albany, New York -Dutch founded city of New Amsterdam which is now New York City

-Italian sailor hired by English to lead the first English expedition to North America -the first European after the Vikings to set foot in North America -paved the way for the founding of English colonies in North America a century later

Leader of the first permanent English settlement in North America named Jamestown which was founded in 1607

Portuguese leader that established a trading post in India

-named the viceroy of Portuguese holdings in the East -discouraged cruelty to the natives -set up trading posts and plantations along the trade routes which began a vast commercial empire for the Portuguese

-Jesiut missionary welcomed by the Japanese

changes in Europe's business thinking and practice during the 15th & 16th centuries

-dominant economic policy of most European nations during the Age of Exploration -believed the wealth of colonies should benefit the mother country

-economic system designed to create wealth -believed in using wealth to create more wealth

organization of investors who pooled their resources to share gains as well as loses

People invested money in a company. In return, they were issued stock certificates showing the amount of money they had invested.

-supply of money -money from investors became part of this -used to finance business ventures

profits given to the stockholders (investors) of a joint-stock company

details of a proposed business venture

-one who wrote his name below the prospectus, pledging to help share the cost of the enterprise -today we use the word to describe an insurance company