World History Chapter 10

a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare

an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked

peasants legally bound to the land

an economic system based on money, rather than barter

an economic system in which people invested in trade and goods for profit

middle-class, typically merchants and artisans

members of the wealthiest and most powerful families

business associations for craftspeople

a boy, usually around the age of 10, who served a craftsman in order to learn a trade

a finished piece (such as a painting or sculpture) by which other members of a guild could determine whether the person was qualified to join the guild

Practice in which kings and rulers gave bishops the symbols of their office

a decree by the Pope that forbids priests from giving the sacraments of the Church to a certain group of condemned people

a Christian rite or ritual. Catholics recognize 7 sacraments; Protestants believe in only 2

a belief or opinion that goes against basic Christian beliefs (doctrines)

bones or objects of Catholic saints that Catholics consider worthy of veneration (worship) because they provide link between the earthly world and God

the study of religion and God

a philosophical system that sought to reconcile faith and reason

the language of everyday speech in a particular region

hostility to the Jews

an annual direct tax usually on land or property