Middle Ages
500-1500, Dark Ages
Viking Invasions
Raid Europe from Scandinavia, long ships sail in shallow water allowing raids inland, later adopt Christianity and become farmers
Feudalism
Political system based on land control
Manor
The lord's estate, included house, church, workshops, and village, maintained by serfs
Chivalry
A set of ideals on how to act
Charlemange
Charlemagne' armies reunite western Europe and spreads Christianity, limits nobles' power by governing through royal agents, orders monasteries to open schools
Convent
Where nuns live and worship
Monastery
Where monks live and worship
Fief
Land grants
*Crusades Reasons
-Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christianity -Kings use the Crusades to send away knights who cause trouble -Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting -Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade
1st Crusade
3 armies gather at Constantinople, capture Jerusalem. Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states. Muslims take back Edessa.
2nd Crusade
Fails to retake Edessa. Saladin -Muslims leader and Kurdish warrior- retakes Jerusalem
3rd Crusade
Led by Richard the Lion-Hearted (king of England), Philip ll of France, who abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard, and Fredrick l of Germany (drowns during the journey). Richard and Saladin make peace after many battles. Saladin keeps Jerusalem, but allows Christian pilgrims to enter city.
4th Crusade
Crusaders loot Constantinople. 2 other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken Muslims
Children's Crusade
Thousands of children die or are enslaved in failed Crusade
Reconquista
Christians drive Muslims from Spain
*Crusades Effects
-Crusades show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight -Women who stay home manage the estate and business affairs -Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods from Southwest Asia -Failure of later crusades weakens pope and nobles, strengthens kings -Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians
Problems in the Church
-Some Church officials marry even though the Church objects -Some officials practice simony (selling religious offices) -Kings use lay investiture to appoint bishops -Reformers believe only the church should appoint bishops
Gregory Vll & Henry lV
Pope bans lay investiture (kings appointing Church officials). Henry orders pope to resign, Gregory excommunicates him. Henry begs for forgiveness, Gregory forgives him.
Guild
Organization of people in the same occupation
Magna Carta
Limits king's power and guarantees basic political rights
Parliament
Legislative body
Return of trade
Commercial Revolution - changes in business and trade. Trade routes open to Asia, North Africa, and Byzantine ports. Trade fairs are held several times a year.
*Bubonic Plague
Spreads over Asia through Europe by trade routes. About 1/3 of Europe's population died
*Bubonic Plague Effects
-Town populations fall, trade declines, prices rise -Some serfs leave manors for paying work -Many Jews blamed and killed -Church suffers weakened stature
Hundred Years' War
Lasts 116 years. Between England and France. Marks the end of the Medieval society, change in style of warfare. Knights are now useless because of long bows. France wins.
Joan of Arc
French peasant girl who believes in visions of saints. Leads French army to victory. Captured by England's allies. Burned at the stake.
Hundred Years' War Effects
-Rise in nationalistic feelings, king becomes national leader -Power and prestige of French monarch increases -Religious devotion and the code of chivalry crumbles -England begins period of turmoil, War of the Roses
*Great Schism
French pope is chosen, while there is another pope in Rome. Each declares the other one false causing a split.
*Factors for the end of the Middle Ages
Hundred Years' War,
*Feudal Pyramid
Kings, Nobles, Knights, Peasants (Serfs)
*Reason for Feudalism
Helped structure society
*Different classes in the Middle Ages
Those who fight: nobles and knights, those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church, those who work: peasants
*Politics and religion during the Middle Ages
Feudalism, Catholic Church
*Formation of France and England to the formation of the Unites States
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