World History Chapter 24

residents of Latin America who were born in Spain

residents of Latin America who were born in Latin America

people of mixed European and Native American ancestry

people of mixed European and African ancestry

the first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule; now known as Haiti

a freed slave from Saint Domingue who rose to become a skilled general and diplomat. He agreed to stop the revolution if the French ended slavery. Despite their agreement, the French sent him to prison in the French Alps where he eventually died

Toussaint's lieutenant, who took up the fight for freedom after Toussaint's death. On January 1, 1804, he declared Saint Domingue an independent country and named it Haiti

a Venezuelan creole who was nicknamed "Libertador" (liberator) and is sometimes referred to as the "George Washington of South America". He planned to unite the Spanish colonies of South America into a single country called Gran Colombia. He won Venezuela's independence in 1821 and then met Jose de San Martin in Ecuador where he was given San Martin's army to command. He then won the Battle of Ayacucho which freed the Spanish colonies in Latin America

a battle that took place in Peru on December 9 and was the last major battle in the war for independence. After this battle, the Spanish colonies won their freedom

a priest in the village of Dolores who believed in the Enlightenment. He issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish (grito de Dolores)

a cry of rebellion issued by Padre Miguel Hidalgo

King John VI's son who stayed behind in Brazil and helped declare Brazil's independence from Portugal and eventually ruled Brazil

usually wealthy property owners and nobility who protected the monarchies of Europe

mostly middle-class businesspeople and merchants who wanted to give more power to elected parliaments

favored drastic change in government and the expansion of government to all people

the belief that the people's greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people instead of a king or emperor

a nation with its own independent government

a region that includes all or part of present-day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and former Yugoslavia

a battle in which the British, French, and Russian troops destroyed the Ottoman fleet and won the Greeks' independence

tried to return the monarchy to France after the revolution, but riots caused him to flee to Great Britain

a man who supported liberal reforms in France and ruled there for 18 years until he fell from popular favor

Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew who was elected as president of France. Four years later, he took the title of Emperor Napoleon III. As emperor, he built railroads, encouraged industrialization, and began a public works program

son of Czar Nicholas I and tried to move Russia toward modernization. He issued the Edict of Emancipation which freed over 20 million serfs

succeeded Alexander II and encouraged industrial development to expand Russia's power

believed that people of a single nationality or ancestry should unite under a single government

wanted to restore the old order from before the French Revolution and saw nationalism as a force for disunity

a war in which Prussia defeated Austria and gained control of the newly organized North German Confederation

split the Austrian empire in half and declared Austria and Hungary independent states with himself as the ruler of both

forcing Russian culture on all of the ethnic groups in the Russian Empire. This change increased nationalistic feelings and helped to disunify Russia

the largest and most powerful of the Italian states

the king of Sardinia

prime minister of Sardinia. He worked to gain control of northern Italy for Sardinia by beginning a war with Austria (who controlled northern Italy at the time) and then defeating them. This allowed him to take all of northern Italy except Venetia. While he was doing this, he was also secretly helping nationalist rebels in southern Italy.

led a small army of Italian nationalists known as the Red Shirts. He and his followers conquered much of southern Italy and agreed to unite them with the kingdom go Piedmont-Sardinia

a group of 39 German states that were ruled by the Austrian Empire

a term used to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism; the politics of reality

master of realpolitik. He ruled Prussia with the king's approval, but without the consent of parliament and without a legal budget. He formed an alliance with Austria and went to war against Denmark, then stirred up boarder conflicts with Austria and went to war against them. Then, he defeated France and, in doing so, unified northern and southern Germany.

Otto von Bismark stirred up border conflicts with Austria which resulted in a war. The Prussians defeated the Austrians and took control of northern Germany

Otto von Bismark instigated this war between Prussia and France and the Prussians eventually won. The winning of this war was the final stage in German unification

Prussian emperor

Prussia's wealthy landowning class

an artistic movement that reflected deep interest in nature and the thoughts and feelings of the individual

William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm (the Grimm brothers)

French romantic writer who wrote Les Mierables and The Hunchback of Notre Dame

wrote Frankenstein, one of the earliest and most successful Gothic horror novels.

Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Robert Schumann, Feliz Mendelssohn, Frederic Chopin, Guiseppe Verdi, Richard Wagner

trying to show life as it was, not as it should be (opposite of romanticism)

the first practical photographs invented by Louis Daguerre

invented a light-sensitive paper used to produce photographic negatives

realist writer who wrote a series of 100 novels called The Human Comedy

realist writer who exposed the miseries of French workers

realist writer who showed the despair of London's working poor

an artistic style where artists show their impression of a subject or moment in time

Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy