Holy Roman Empire (251)
vast lands from Germany to Italy
Henry IV (252)
In 1054 crowned King of Germany
Pope Gregory VII (252)
Pope that instituted church reform. He wanted to make the church independent of secular rulers, which caused anger.
lay investiture (252)
appointment of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy
Frederick Barbarossa (252)
Holy Roman emperor called Red Beard
Pope Innocent III (254)
1198 took head of the Church and claimed supremacy over all other rulers. He believed he stood above men and below God.
confront (252)
to come face to face with
Otto I of Saxony (251)
In 936 became King of Germany after Charlemagne
Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV (252)
These two struggled for power between popes and secular rulers during the High Middle Ages
Lombard league (253)
Independent city states of Northern Italy including: Milan, Padua, and Venice that wre wealthy and unwilling to submit to the Holy Roman Emperor Fredrick I also called Fredrick Babarossa
