Richard the Lionhearted
Negotiated a settlement with Saladin that permitted Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem.
Gregory I
page 304; a pope that strengthened the power of the papacy and the Church by converting non-Christian peoples of Germanic Europe to Christianity, he increased his spiritual authority over the Church in the West, and gave the papacy a source of political power because he was also the leader of Rome and the surrounding territories.
Justinian
page 322; became emperor of the eastern Roman empire and was smart enough to codify the Roman Law and wrote a book about it called the body of civil law.
Philip IV
page 319; created the first French parliament by meeting with members of the three estates
Magyars
page 308; invaders from the east (western east) and settled on the plains of Hungary and invaded western Europe.
Saint Benedict
page 305; wrote a set of rules to guide a community of monks he founded, his community became the model for monasticism in the catholic Church and the Benedictine rule came to be used by other monastic groups.
Vikings
page 308; Germanic invaders that settled in Normandy, France and they converted to Christianity.
William of Normandy
page 316; invaded England and defeated King Harold's forces at the Battle of Hastings
Saladin
page 326; the leader of the Muslim forces that took over the holy city of Jerusalem in 1187 from the crusaders
Venetian leaders
saw the opportunity to neutralize the Byzantine Empire and diverted their army to Constantinople
Vassalage
the heart of feudalism; warriors swore an oath of loyalty to their leaders and fought in battles for them
Tournament
contest where the knights could show off their skills
Domesday Book
first census taken in Europe since Roman times
Wergild
amount paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person he hurt or killed
Fief
a grant of land made to a vassal
Ordeal
means of determining guilt in Germanic law; physical trial; it was believed that divine forces would not allow an innocent person to be harmed while a guilty one would be harmed (holding a hot iron)
Carolingian Renaissance
revival of culture and learning under Charlemagne during the Carolingian Empire
Lord and Vassal Relationship
most important gift that a lord could give to his vassal was land and he also defended him; vassals fought for the lords
Chivalry
a code of ethics that knights were to uphold
Magna Carta
a document of rights followed by the king that limited the monarch's power
Work of the Monks
made schools for children, made hospitals, had hospitality for travelers, agricultural improvements to be passed on, taught carpentry and weaving, rewrote Latin works which is the reason we have them today