World history unit 2

A philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in europe in the 18th century.

It started from some key ideas put forth by two English political thinkers of the 1600s, Thomas Hobbes and Johne Locke.

Enlightened thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking.

The philosophes believed that what was natural was also food and reasonable.

The philosophes stressed that society and humankind could improve.

The philosophes rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged that humankind could improve.

The philosophes called for the liberties that the English people had won their glorious revolution and their Bill of Rights.

He made frequent targets of the clergy, the aristocracy,and the government. Voltaire never stop fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom,freedom of speech, and freedom of religion.

Devoted himself to the study of political liberty. He believed that Britain was the best governed and most politically balanced country of his own day. He wrote his famous book "On the Spirit of Laws".

Passionately committed to individual freedom. He won recognition as a writer of essays. Rousseau argued that civilization corrupted people's natural goodness.

He believed the laws existed to preserve social order, not to average crimes. Beccaria based his ideas about justice on the principle that government should seek the greatest good for the greatest number number of people.

She disagreed with Rousseau that woman's education should be secondary. She said that women like men, need education to become virtuous and useful.

Any state governed by laws. The government doesn't really care about public's interest.

The citizens are the ones being subject to the laws.

Everyone would have the same power.

The growth of scientific knowledge seemed to quicken in the 1700s. It gave people the confidence that human reason could solve social problems. Philosophes and reformers urged an end to the practice of slavery and argued for greater social equality as well as a more democratic style of government.

A more non-religious outlook. People started to believe in Science more than religion. Voltaire and other critics attacked some of the beliefs and practices of organized Christianity.

The rise of individualism. People began to turn away from the church and loyalty for guidance.

Written by Thomas Jefferson and July 1776. The document was firmly based on the ideas of John Locke and the enlightenment. It reflected the ideas in its eloquent argument for natural rights.

Political leader. American founding father and third president of the United States.

Built-in system with each branch checking the actions of the other two.

Constitution set up a federal system in which power is divided between national and state government.

Turn amendment known as the Bill of Rights. Protects basic rights.

It meant there was no one to represent the colonist about taxes.

Since George III paid no attention to the first continental Congress,on 1775 British soldiers and American militiamen exchanged gunfire. The second Continental Congress voted to raise an army.

The Americans motivation for filing was stronger than the British. The British generals made several mistakes. Time itself was on the American's side.

Establish the United States as a republic. A government in which citizens rule through elected representatives.

A weak national government. Congress could declare war, enter into tread ties, and coin money. They had no power to collect taxes of regulate trades.

They eventually recognized the need for a strong natural government.

Federalist thought that the new government would provide a better balance between national and state powers. The anti-Federalist feared that the Constitution gave the government too much power.

They expressed an optimistic view that reason and reform could prevail and that progress was inevitable.

Social and political system of France

Large social classes from France

A king of France who loved to spend. During the 1770s and 1780s.

Queen of France during the 1770s and 1780s who loved to spend.

An assembly of representatives from all three states

Third estate delegates

When the third estate delegates pledged to stay until they had drawn up a new constitution.

A wave of senseless fear because of rumors.

Made up of clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. Scorned enlightenment ideas.

Made up of rich nobles. Held highest offices in government. Disagreed about enlightenment ideas.

Included Bourgeois ,urban lower class, and peasant farmers. Had no power to influence government. Embraced and enlightenment ideas. Resented the wealthy First and Second Estates.

Effect

1. What are some rights this document guarantees French citizens? Liberty property security and resistance to oppression.

2. What caused the peasants to appose many of these forms? Catholics didn't want the state to make a church a part of the state.

3. What political factions made up the Legislative assembly? Power to create laws and to approve or reject declarations of war.

4. What did European monarchs fear from France? They feared that similar revolts might break out in their own countries.

5. What effects did the September Massacres have on the government? A war began.

6..What was the stated aim of Robespierre and his supporters? Wanted to wipe out any trace of France's past.

7. What were some of the consequences of the Reign of Terror? Many of the people who challenged Robespierre ended up with a death.

Legislative assembly.

Émigrés

Sans-culottes

Jacobins.

Guillotine

Reign of Terror